Answer:
The correct sequence is:III) Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.
IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous.
II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
I) Pathogen is destroyed.
V) Only memory cells remain.
Explanation:
Effective resistance against infection is essential for the development and functioning of the mammalian organism, and for it to be effective, multiple defense systems must be available. In order to meet these objectives, the body has developed a complex system of overlapping and interrelated defense mechanisms, which together can destroy or control almost all invaders.III) Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. It consists of the binding of the foreign antigen to the specific receptors existing on the membrane of mature lymphocytes. The B lymphocytes that mediate humoral immunity express antibody molecules on their surface, which bind to foreign proteins, polysaccharides or lipids in their soluble form; T lymphocytes, responsible for cellular immunity, express so-called T cell receptors (TCR), which recognize small sequences of antigenic peptides.
IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous.II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
Activation phase: sequence of events that occur in lymphocytes as a result of specific antigen recognition. All lymphocytes undergo two fundamental changes: a) proliferation: expansion of antigen-specific clones and amplification of the protective response, in which the CD4 T lymphocyte, capable of activating CD8 B and T lymphocytes, assumes a preponderant role; b) differentiation: stage in which effector cells and memory cells are formed. The first produce various substances that can interact with the antigen, such as antibodies and lymphokines; the second are partially differentiated lymphocytes, that is, they do not become effector cells.
I) Pathogen is destroyed.
In this phase, the T lymphocytes differentiated into effector cells migrate to the sites of attack, where they carry out their functions of eliminating pathogens, while the B lymphocytes perform them in the peripheral organs themselves.
V) Only memory cells remain.
One of the most important consequences of the adaptive immune response is the establishment of the state of immunological memory, which lies in the ability of the immune system to respond more quickly and efficiently to microorganisms that have previously infected the host and it reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. We call, therefore, the immune response that the organism gives when it comes into contact for the first time with a foreign agent and from which a series of events derives that include nonspecific innate defense mechanisms and adaptive response mechanisms, if the pathogen manages to survive the first ones.
What are the effects of Snowball and Napoleon's?
The effects of Snowball and Napoleon's are far-reaching and long-lasting. Snowball is the idealistic leader, who is passionate and driven to create a better life for the animals of Animal Farm.
What is snowball?Snowball is a type of debt repayment plan where a debtor repays their debt using a portion of their income, which is typically a percentage of the overall debt amount. The debtor then pays back the creditor in installments over a designated period of time.
His vision is to create a society of equal animals, where everyone works together and shares in the rewards. However, his plans are thwarted by Napoleon, the ruthless dictator who takes over after Snowball is driven out. Napoleon is a master manipulator who uses fear and intimidation to control the other animals.
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Amount of energy calculated at each trophic level
I need some help with this question!
what are Artificial photosynthesis in laboratory tools
Answer:
Artificial photosynthesis is the process of using synthetic materials and processes to replicate the process of photosynthesis, which occurs naturally in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. In natural photosynthesis, solar energy is captured by photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll, and used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose (a type of sugar).
In laboratory tools, artificial photosynthesis can be achieved using a variety of techniques and materials. Some common approaches to artificial photosynthesis in the laboratory include:
Photocatalysis: This involves using a catalyst, such as titanium dioxide, to facilitate the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and organic compounds, such as glucose, using light energy.
Artificial photosynthetic membranes: These are thin, synthetic membranes that are designed to mimic the structure and function of natural photosynthetic membranes, such as those found in chloroplasts. They can be used to capture and convert light energy into chemical energy, and can be modified to optimize the efficiency of the photosynthetic process.
Electrochemical cells: These are devices that use an electrical current to facilitate the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and organic compounds, such as glucose. They can be designed to mimic the natural photosynthetic process, and can be modified to optimize the efficiency of the conversion.
Artificial photosynthesis in the laboratory can be used for a variety of purposes, including the production of renewable energy, the synthesis of chemicals and fuels, and the development of new materials.
What makes bone unique from other connective tissue?
Bone is made of matrix and it is unique from any other connective tissue because of it's strength.
Specialized connective tissue made up of cells, fibers, and pulverized material makes up bone. Its extracellular components are mineralized, which makes it significantly stronger and more stiff than other connective tissues. As a result, bone is perfectly adapted to carry out its most well-known function within the body, that of mechanical support.
Bone in the upper extremity acts as a structural support for the hand when it moves as a closed kinetic chain and as attachment points for muscles to create motion at specific bone-to-bone linkages. The latter enables the hand to move through space in opposition to gravity and other outside forces.
Bone must be rigid to resist deformation and flexible to absorb energy in order to perform its mechanical function.
Before examining frequent ailments and elements affecting the health of the bones in the upper extremities, the current article gives a general overview of the morphology and physiology of bone tissue.
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a scientist studying a group of five species was particularly interested in a specific gene. after sequencing the gene for all five species, she compiled the following data to help her compare species a to the other four. based on this data, what did she conclude?
The correct answer is species A is most closely related to species D, and it is most distantly related to species E.
What is gene sequencing?
A technique carried out in a lab to map the complete genetic composition of a particular organism or cell type. Finding alterations in specific regions of the genome is possible with this technique.
As species D shares 14 amino acids with species A it is the most closely related and as species E shares only 1 amino acid with species A it is the most distantly related species.
Therefore the answer is species D and E.
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Chapter 11 Matching Questions 1-5 Part A Cell body € Dendrites Axon А Cell body Dendrite Axon B Cell body Peripheral process Central process Axon -Receptive endings с Use the figure to match the following: Matatu AP1 - 11313 summer 2020 1 Matching Questions 1-5 MAI LReceptive endings e the figure to match the following: atch the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain eac Reset Help : Which neuron would activate to a muscle? 2 Which neuron is rare in the body and is found in the retina of the eye and the olfactory mucosa? 3. Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc? Which neuron is never myelinated? 5. Which neuron is typically involved in the special senses of sight and smell? Submit Request Answer JUL Daarson 1 2 16 x
Based on the projections of the cell body, neurons are divided into three.
a. Neurons that would activate to a muscle are Multipolar neurons.
b. Neurons that are rare, found in the retina of the eye and the olfactory mucosa, typically involved in the special senses of sight and smell, and never myelinated are Bipolar neurons.
c. Neurons which are found in a reflex arc are Unipolar neurons.
Neurons are the smallest and functional units that make up the nervous system, whose function is to transmit stimuli from receptors to the central nervous system and to transmit stimuli from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
The structure of the neuron consists of:
1. Soma or cell body that receives impulses from dendrites to the axon. The soma consists of the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and neurofibrils.
2. Dendrites, which are short and branched. Dendrites function to receive impulses from other neurons and pass them on to the soma.
3. Axon, which is long and single-branched. At the end of it, there is a bag filled with neurotransmitters that will convey impulses from the soma.
4. Myelin sheath that covers the axon and allows nerve impulses to be transmitted more quickly along the axon
Based on the projections of the cell, neurons are divided into three:
1. Unipolar neurons: neurons that have one protoplasmic process on the soma (one structure extending from the soma). Examples: neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System.
2. Bipolar neurons: neurons that have two processes extending from the soma. Examples: neurons in the retina of the eye and the olfactory system.
3. Multipolar neurons: neurons that have one axon and many dendrites in the soma. Most human neurons are multipolar neurons.
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What is contamination defined as?
Contamination is defined as the presence of the a constituent, impurity, or other undesirable element which spoils, corrupts, infects, renders unfit, or degrades a material, physicality, natural environment, workplace, or other structure.
Contamination can occur whether or not it is recognised, and it can become a problem if the impure chemical activities happening chemical reactions when mixed with the other chemicals or mixtures. Chemical reactions caused by an impurity can sometimes be beneficial, where in case the term "contaminant" can be replaced to "reactant" or "catalyst." An environmental contaminant can be chemical, biological, or physical in nature.
The term "contamination" is used in food chemistry and medicinal chemistry to describe harmful intrusions, like the presence of toxins or pathogens in food as well as pharmaceutical drugs. In biological sciences, the accidental emergence of "foreign" material can significantly distort the results of experiments involving small samples. When the contaminant is indeed a living microorganism, it can quickly multiply and overwhelm the sample, rendering it useless, as in contaminated cell culture lines.
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Muscles make adjustments to maintain _____ from the force of gravity.
To keep posture and balance while resisting the pull of gravity, muscles change.
Contractibility serves as their primary purpose. Movement is made possible by muscles that are affixed to bones, internal organs, or blood vessels. Muscle contraction produces the majority of body movement. Cardiac, smooth, and muscle tissue tissue are the three types. Myocytes are found within the walls of the atrium, have a striped (striated) look, and thus are controlled by an automatic mechanism. That kind of elastic tissue makes up all of the muscles (sort of like the material in a rubber band). Each muscle is made up of tens of thousands or even Thousands of microscopic fibres. The average human body has 600 muscles. Skeletal and smooth muscles make up the three primary forms of muscle.
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why is newtons cradle (newtons balls) described as an “almost-ideal” closed system? explain your reasoning in 1 to 2 sentences.
The reason that newtons cradle (newtons balls) described as an “almost-ideal” closed system is because Due to the little forces that are exerting themselves onto it, it is a closed system. solely air resistance and gravity
What is the newtons cradle about?
Tn regards to the above case, it is a system that is almost completely isolated from its surroundings, Newton's cradle is referred to be an almost ideal closed system.
This indicates that the system is largely self-contained and does not interact with the environment to exchange matter or energy.
In Newton's cradle, a set of metal balls are suspended from a frame as the system. The other balls swing back and forth when one ball is pushed back and released, striking them in the process.
Therefore, The balls do not gain or lose energy during the impact since this motion is nearly completely elastic. The system is therefore almost closed and does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
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What four features are shared by all cells ?
When Mendel crossed purple flowered pea plants with white flowered plants of the P generation what was the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
homologous chromosomal pairs segregating separately during anaphase I. Mendel occasionally achieved a 3:1 phenotypic ratio by crossing two purple-flowered pea plants.
Segregation meant what, exactly?Segregation is the separation of individuals, historically based on race and/or gender. Segregation implies that people are physically separated in daily life, the workplace, and the enjoyment of civil rights.
Why is segregation problematic and what does it entail?Violence is more likely in certain neighborhoods because of residential segregation, which concentrates social and economic issues there. According to a recent study, areas with high levels of residential segregation may not be as prosperous as the rest of the area since those areas see slower increases in income and property values.
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there are several stages in the life cycle of g. lamblia. which is the correct sequence? 1. trophozoites multiply in the intestine. 2. mature cysts or trophozoites are released in feces. 3. cysts pass through the stomach to the lower small intestine. 4. dehydration in the large intestine stimulates formation of cysts. 5. cysts enter the mouth by ingestion of contaminated food or water. 6. trophozoites are released from the cysts.
There are several stages in the life cycle of g. lamblia. The correct sequence of the following statement is 5,3,6,1,4,2.
Giardia lamblia is the first known divergent eukaryotic lineage. Although it is a real eukaryotic cell, it has some 'prokaryotic characteristics,' such as the absence of mitochondria and peroxisomes, prokaryotic-size SSU rRNA, and bacterial-like metabolic enzymes.
is more different from yeast than yeast is from man in evolutionary terms, therefore parts that are preserved from Giardia to man are likely to reflect universal eukaryotic cell activities.
Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that lives in the upper small intestine of vertebrates. The full life cycle, which may be completed in vitro, is straightforward, with trophozoites cycling between a vegetative form and a more resistant cystic form. The parasite is one of the oldest known divergent eukaryotes, with over 95% of its genome sequenced.
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~Use the graph below, to answer the question.
12. How does adding a catalyst affect the activation energy of this chemical reaction?
A. Increases the activation energy, increases rate of the chemical reaction
B. Decreases the activation energy, decreases rate of the reaction
C. Decreases the activation energy, increases the rate of the reaction
D. Increases the activation energy, decreases the rate of reaction
According to the graph below, the addition of a catalyst decreases the activation energy and increases the rate of the reaction (Option C).
What is a biological catalyst molecule?A biological catalyst molecule is any structure such as an enzyme i.e. a protein, that is able to lower the activation energy of the reaction, thereby enhancing the progression from reactants to predict in the unit of time.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a biological catalyst molecule can lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and thus increase the amount of products.
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Please help me I'm stuck and can't figure out this question
What is the formula for calculating population growth?
We subtract the original population from the population at Time 1 to determine the Population Growth (PG), then divide that number by the initial population and multiply by 100.
What formula do you use to determine growth rate?Calculating Year-Over-Year Growth Subtract the growth rate from a year ago from your current month's growth rate. The difference should then be divided by the total for the previous year. This growth rate can be expressed as a percentage by multiplying it by 100.
What is growth rate and how is it calculated?Growth Rate is calculated as (Ending Value - Beginning Value) – 1. A company's year-over-year (YoY) growth rate, for instance, would be 20% if its revenue rose from $100 million in 2020 to $120 million in 2021.
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What is the English of Monggo seed?
Monggo seed, also known as mung bean, is a small, round, green legume that is native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine and has been a staple of South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines for centuries.
Monggo seeds are a rich source of B-complex vitamins, dietary fiber, minerals, and antioxidants. They are also a good source of protein and contain complex carbohydrates, which can help to provide sustained energy throughout the day.
Monggo seeds are also a good source of calcium, iron, magnesium, copper, phosphorus, and potassium. Monggo seeds can be used in a variety of ways. They can be sprouted and eaten raw or cooked in soups, stir-fries, curries, salads, and even desserts. The seeds can also be boiled and mashed into a paste to make a variety of dishes, including dal and mung bean cakes. The sprouted seeds can be added to salads or used as a garnish.
Monggo seeds are also used to make a variety of medicinal products, such as herbal teas and ointments.
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Is atherosclerosis the same as Alzheimer's?
No, atherosclerosis is not the same as Alzheimer's.
The accumulation of lipids, cholesterol, and other chemicals in and on the artery walls is known as atherosclerosis. The accumulation is known as plaque. Atherosclerosis can constrict the arteries and obstruct blood flow. The plaque may rupture and cause a blood clot.
Endothelial dysfunction, the development of a lipid layer or fatty streak within the intima, migration of leukocytes and smooth muscle cells into the artery wall, the production of foam cells, and the breakdown of the extracellular matrix are the five main stages of atherosclerosis.
Alzheimer's disease is a brain ailment that gradually impairs thinking and memory abilities as well as the capacity to do even the most basic tasks. The majority of Alzheimer's patients have their initial symptoms later in life.
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative neurologic condition that results in brain shrinkage and the death of brain cells. The most frequent cause of dementia, which is characterized by a steady deterioration in mental, behavioral, and social abilities and impairs a person's capacity for independent functioning, is Alzheimer's disease.
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Qwhat do you mean by ‘nomadic herding’? Define it class 8
Nomadic herding is a type of primitive subsistence farming. Nomads are people who travel from one place to another. The migration from one region to another to escape intense climates is known as nomadic herding.
One of the most ancient forms of herding is nomadic herding. Nomadic herders roam in small tribal or extended family groups and have no home base. Nomads live in arid and semiarid parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe, and in the tundra regions of Asia and Europe. In Africa, nomads herd cattle, goats, sheep, and camels.
Specification:
(i) Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism is a primitive subsistence activity, in which the herders rely on animals for food, clothing, shelter, tools and transport.
(ii) They move from one place to another along with their livestock, depending on the amount and quality of pastures and water.
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Distinguish between:
1. Cultivation in plains and cultivation in hilly areas:
Cultivation in plains:
The plains have relatively flat terrain suitable for extensive mechanized farming. This allows for the use of state-of-the-art agricultural techniques such as equipment, irrigation systems, and fertilizers.
Cultivation in hilly areas:
Hilly places are ideal for farming due to steep slopes and uneven terrain. Terraced and contour farming methods are necessary for farming in hilly areas to prevent soil erosion. Farming is often done on small holdings using manual labor and traditional agricultural techniques.
2. Intensive subsistence farming and extensive subsistence farming:
Intensive Subsistence Farming: In this style of farming small plots of land are cultivated with a lot of labor per unit of land. Through the use of fertilizers, irrigation, and multiple cropping, farmers focus on maximizing crop productivity.
Extensive subsistence farming requires cultivation of vast tracts of land with low labor input per unit of land. Farmers use less equipment and fertilizers, instead relying on natural rainfall.
2. Short answer questions:
1. The rearing, breeding and management of dairy cattle to produce milk and milk products is known as dairy farming. This includes milking, processing of milk and production of dairy products such as butter, cheese and yogurt.
2. The ability of intensive subsistence farming is critical for maintaining high crop yields and supporting a large population on scarce land resources. Through hard work, multiple cropping and the use of contemporary agricultural methods, it maximizes agricultural yield.
3. In a type of pastoralism known as "nomadic herding", pastoralists move their livestock from one grazing location to another in search of new pastures and water sources. They migrate seasonally and do not have a permanent home.
4. Slash-and-burn agriculture, often referred to as jhum cultivation, is a traditional agricultural technique in which trees are cut and burned to create fields for cultivation. The soil is temporarily fertilized with the ashes remaining from the burnt vegetation.
5. A stable farming method known as sedentary agriculture involves cultivating the same piece of land year after year. It includes permanent or movable construction, such housing and warehouses. Sedentary agriculture enables the establishment of sophisticated agricultural techniques, crop specialization.
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How do coral reefs change the environment?
restriction enzyme i recognizes a 4 bp restriction site. restriction enzyme ii recognizes a 6 bp restriction site. on average, how does the number of restriction sites recognized by enzyme i compare to the number recognized by enzyme ii?
Restriction enzyme Compared to enzyme II, I will have more restriction sites.
The base makeup and length of the recognition site determine how frequently a specific restriction site can be found in any DNA. For instance, a G base follows a C base in mammalian genomes significantly less frequently than would be predicted by chance. Therefore, mammalian DNA is less commonly cut by restriction endonucleases like Nru I than it is by DNA from bacterial sources with more randomly distributed bases. Nru I recognizes the sequence TCGCGA.
Additionally, as would be expected, 4 bp-long restriction sites will be more common than 6 bp-long restriction sites.
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Can you live a normal life with glaucoma?
Even though those who have glaucoma may need to adapt, you don't have to let the disease restrict your life. Most people are capable of leading active, happy lives. However, managing glaucoma may necessitate more frequent visits to your eye care team and medication compliance.
How long do glaucoma sufferers live?There are no extensive population-based studies on the lifespan of glaucoma patients. On the other hand, a cross-sectional analysis determined that white patients with chronic open angle glaucoma have an average life expectancy of about 12.8 years.
Is glaucoma a typical ageing symptom?Typical Age-Related Eye Issues Presbyopia, glaucoma, dry eyes, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and temporal arteritis are a few common age-related eye conditions.
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which of the following contains enzymes and plays a role in intracellular digestion
a. ribosomes
b. Golgi apparatus
c. mitochondria
d. lysosomes
e. microfilaments
Answer:
d. lysosomes
Explanation:
Lysosomes aid with digestion by breaking down a variety of polymers like proteins, nucleic acids, and carbs. Hence, they can break down several foods that enter the digestive system, regardless of how big these food remains are.
The rate, or speed, at which the number of organisms in a population increases.
A. Growth rate
B. Carrying capacity
C. Life expectancy
D. Greenhouse effect
The option (b) is correct- Growth rate.
What is growth rate?
The rate—or speed—at which an organism population grows in size. The amount of time in the space between the points of time can be determined by dividing the change in the number of organisms from one point in time to another.
What is carrying capacity ?
The typical population size of a species in a given habitat is referred to as carrying capacity. Environmental elements including sufficient food, shelter, water, and mates are able to control the population number of the species.
Therefore, the option (b) is correct- Growth rate.
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What are the three steps of making proteins?
Every cell has a complex, tightly controlled mechanism that links genes to proteins. The first two main processes are transcription and translation. The combined effects of transcription and translation are referred to as gene expression.
How are proteins constructed?The principles of molecular biology, which provide the basis for all of the processes that take place in each and every cell in our body, are adhered to in the process of making proteins. The fundamental dogma states that information is transmitted via DNA, RNA, and proteins in that sequence.
Transcription is the process of transcribing DNA to produce an RNA strand with a certain sequence. After that, RNA is translated to become proteins. .
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What are 5 stages of protein synthesis?
Answer:
Activation of amino acids
Transfer of amino acids to tRNA
Initiation of a polypeptide chain
Chain Termination
Protein translocation
FILL IN THE BLANK. protein is generally not found in the urine because __________.
Answer:
protein molecules are too large for the filters.
Select ALL of the TRUE statements regarding protists. Euglenozoa are organisms that possess chloroplasts and move via flagella or an undulating membrane. Protists typically inhabit aquatic environments, including freshwater and marine environments. Species of dinoflagellates are responsible for much of the phosphorescence seen in ocean waters at night Protists are unicellular prokaryotes which generally lack a cell wall. Trichonympha are obligate mutualism of wood eating insects such as termites. 2 points
TRUE. Chloroplast-containing creatures called euglenozoa move with the help of flagella or an oscillating membrane.
Protists often live in freshwater and marine habitats that are submerged in water. A significant portion of the phosphorescence observed in sea water at night is caused by dinoflagellate species. Prokaryotes that are unicellular and lack a cell wall are known as protozoa.Chloroplast-containing creatures called euglenozoa move with the help of flagella or an oscillating membrane. Trichonympha are obligatory mutualists of termites and other wood-eating insects. In some Euglenozoa, including many trypanosomes, the emerging flagellum extends the whole lengths of the cell and is physically connected to the cell membrane by a "undulating membrane," which is essentially a link between the flagellar membrane and the cell's outer membrane. Flagellated protists belonging to the monophyletic class Euglenozoa include free-living, symbiotic, & parasitic species.
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How many phenotypes are possible with 6 alleles?
Since there are 3 specific alleles, there are a complete of six specific genotypes on the human ABO genetic locus.
The specific feasible genotypes are AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, and OO.An allele is one in every of or extra variations of DNA sequence (a unmarried base or a section of bases) at a given genomic place. An person inherits alleles, one from every parent, for any given genomic place wherein such version exists. If the 2 alleles are the same, the person is homozygous for that allele.
Consider the case, though, of a locus with 6 alleles. It has 21 feasible genotypes -- 6 sorts of homozygotes and 15 sorts of heterozygotes. Writing it out, 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21 = [6*(6+1)]/2 -- that is the components for combos of six matters taken at a time, order unimportant -- [n(n+1)] / 2.
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What is the most common point mutation?
The most common type of substitution mutation is the missense mutation, in which the substitution leads to a different codon being formed than the original.
A genetic modification in which a single base pair substitution alters the genetic code to produce an amino acid that differs from the normal amino acid at that position. Some missense variants (or mutations) alter protein function.
A missense mutation is an error in DNA in which an unwanted amino acid is incorporated into a protein by changing a single nucleotide within the DNA. The best example of a missense change is pallor, known as sickle cell anemia. Missense mutations can affect DNA transcription factors and alter the expression of the corresponding proteins. Altering the expression of wild-type proteins in compartments designed to function can disrupt the normal cell cycle and cause disease.
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