Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning contains several elements. For each element in the list below, explain how that element works and provide a corresponding example. Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response stimulus Conditioned stimulus . Conditioned response Stimulus discrimination Stimulus generalization

Answer:

Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. Let's explore some of the responses and stimulus. First we have unconditioned stimulus which results in an unconditioned response. For example, presenting food naturally and automatically triggers a salivation response. Then there is neutral stimulus which produces no effects, but will eventually turn into conditioned stimulus. Suppose that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the whistle sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus.Then comes the conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. Stimulus generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, the animal may also exhibit the same response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.For example, if a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination would involve being able to tell the difference between the bell tone and other similar sounds. Because the subject is able to distinguish between these stimuli, they will only respond when the conditioned stimulus is presented.

Explanation: Just wrote it

During the War of 1812, the Hartford Convention
Select one:
a. was a gathering of strong supporters of the war.
b. saw its participants vote to secede from the United States.
c. was made irrelevant by the Battle of New Orleans.
d. sought to strengthen the political influence of the South and West.
e. aimed to create a new political party, called the Whigs.

file dump. happy holidays people

Refer to the two passages.

Source 1

"The national college, or Han-lin-yuen, is a body of learned doctors, who have arrived at the most extensive celebrity, and are the guardians of Chinese literature. They are eligible to the highest offices of state, and exercise great influence in the most important affairs of government. Their learning consists in the knowledge of the Chinese classics, works which a schoolboy cons, and a Hanlin explains. General knowledge is excluded from this department. If they can write a good essay, discourse upon the doctrines of Confucius, and unite with this a knowledge of their own country, and a few imperfect geographical notions, they are truly learned men. But wo unto him who should be daring enough to utter anything beyond what Confucius has taught. Their learning does not consist in examining, but in blindly following established principles.”

Observations of 18th-century Qing government in China by Charles Gutzlaff, from A Sketch of Chinese History, Ancient and Modern, 1834

Source 2

"Wherever we see the word of God sincerely preached and heard, wherever we see the sacraments administered according to the institution of Christ, there we cannot have any doubt that the Church of God has some existence, since his promise cannot fail, ‘Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them’ (Mt. 18:20).”

John Calvin, Protestant reformer, in the fourth book of his anthology The Institutes of the Christian Religion, ca. 1559

Which of the following best explains why reform of belief systems may have been more socially accepted in Europe than in China between 1450 and 1750?

The spread of Catholicism into China negated calls for reform.
Confucianism strictly adhered to established doctrines.
The ruling classes of China forbade any religious practice.
Buddhism was already widely practiced and left no room for reform.

Refer to the passage.

"The conscription process began upon the request for a new levy by the yeniçeri ağası (chief of the janissaries). Such a decree was issued every three to four years indicating the number of boys needed and the places of recruitment. Once this was done, specially appointed janissary officers were sent to Christian villages where they asked village priests for a list of baptized boys. Those who tried to hide children from the officers were strictly punished. Villagers sometimes attempted to prevent the village boys from being conscripted by falsifying baptism registers, circumcising them, or declaring them married.”

Gulay Yilmaz, "Becoming a Devshirme: The Training of Conscripted Children in the Ottoman Empire”

The passage is best seen as evidence of which of the following?

The devshirmes significantly expanded on Islamic contributions in the arts and trades.
The use of devshirmes weakened the fighting strength of the Balkans’ Janissary corps.
The use of devshirmes ran counter to the policy of Islamic accommodation in the Balkans.
The devshirmes were part of a concerted Muslim effort to convert all non-Muslims in the Balkans.

Refer to the passage.

"And one of the difficulties consequent upon this commerce and intercourse is, that neither from this land nor from España, so far as can now be learned, can anything be exported thither which they do not already possess. They have an abundance of silks, and linen likewise, according to report. Cloths, on account of the heat prevalent in the country, they neither use nor value. Sugar exists in great abundance. Wax, drugs, and cotton are super-abundant in the islands, whither the Chinese go to obtain them by barter. And thus, to make a long matter short, the commerce with that land must be carried on with silver, which they value above all other things; and I am uncertain whether your Majesty will consent to this on account of having to send it to a foreign kingdom. I beg your Majesty to consider all these matters, to inform me concerning them, and to give explicit orders to the person in charge here so that no mistakes may be made.”

Don Martín Enríquez, the viceroy of New Spain, letter to the King of Spain, December 1573

The views expressed in the passage are best seen as evidence of which of the following continuities in global trade networks?

China’s central role in worldwide commerce
Spain’s dominance of transatlantic trade networks
The importance of barter as the basis for economic exchange
The persistence of free-market principles in global trade networks

Read the excerpt from "Atalanta, the Fleet-Footed Huntress."

With the warriors from the south came Atalanta, armed with bow and arrows and a long hunting spear.

“My daughters are having a game of ball in the garden,” said the king to the huntress. “Would you like to put away your arrows and your spear and go play with them?” Atalanta shook her head and lifted her chin in disdain.

“Perhaps you would rather stay with the queen, and look at the women spin and weave,” said the king.

“No,” answered Atalanta. “I am going with the warriors to hunt the wild boar in the forest.”

The men gasped. They had never heard of such a thing as a girl going out with heroes to hunt wild boars. “If she goes, then I will not,” muttered one. “Nor will I,” said another, a little more loudly. “Why, the whole world would laugh at us, and we should never hear the end of it.” “Nor will I,” exclaimed a third. “The hunt is for heroes, not for girls.”

Many of the men guffawed and hooted at the young huntress. But Atalanta only grasped her spear more firmly and stood tall and straight in the gateway of the palace.

Which detail best supports the inference that Atalanta struggles to overcome gender stereotypes?

A)“But Atalanta only grasped her spear more firmly and stood tall and straight in the gateway of the palace."

B)“'The hunt is for heroes, not for girls.'”

C)"Atalanta shook her head and lifted her chin in disdain."

D)"With the warriors from the south came Atalanta, armed with bow and arrows and a long hunting spear."

In musical notation,high notes can be found?

Refer to the two passages.

Source 1

"By opening a new and inexhaustible market to all the commodities of Europe, it gave occasion to new divisions of labour and improvements of art, which in the narrow circle of the ancient commerce could never have taken place, for want of a market to take off the greater part of their produce. The productive powers of labour were improved, and its produce increased in all the different countries of Europe, and together with it the real revenue and wealth of the inhabitants. The commodities of Europe were almost all new to America, and many of those of America were new to Europe. A new set of exchanges, therefore, began to take place, which had never been thought of before, and which should naturally have proved as advantageous to the new, as it certainly did to the old continent. The savage injustice of the Europeans rendered an event, which ought to have been beneficial to all, ruinous and destructive to several of those unfortunate countries.”

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776

Source 2

"Throughout the Seventeenth century the economic system of the tobacco colonies depended upon the labor of the poor white man . . . in the Eighteenth century it rested chiefly upon the black shoulders of the African slave.

"There could be no manner of doubt as to the desirability of the slaves from an economic standpoint, apparently the only standpoint that received serious consideration. The indentured servant could be held usually for but a few years. Hardly had he reached his greatest usefulness for his master than he demanded his freedom. Thus for the man of large means to keep his fields always in cultivation it was necessary constantly to renew his supply of laborers. If he required twenty hands, he must import each year some five or six servants, or run the risk of finding himself running behind. But the slave served for life. The planter who had purchased a full supply of negroes could feel that his labor problems were settled once and for all. Not only could he hold the slaves themselves for life, but their children also became his property and took their places in the tobacco fields as soon as they approached maturity.”

Thomas J. Wertenbaker, The Planters of Colonial Virginia, 1922

The historical accounts discussed in Source 1 are best seen as evidence of Western Europe’s transition to which of the following economic systems in the period from 1450 to 1750?

Feudalism
Mercantilism
Sharecropping
Socialism

Why do you think some sociologists feel American society is becoming more secular?

*for sociology*

WILL MARK AS BRAINLIEST!!

A Londoner tells his friend to check the boot of the car while a Bostonian asks his friend to open the trunk of the car. This is an example of what kind of language difference?
A. More chlorophyll a was produced in response to the light exposure.
B. The cyanobacteria were dying and were changing color in response.
C. The cyanobacteria have various photosynthetic pigments to absorb light.
D. More green photosynthetic pigment was produced to absorb light.

what are the types of serial killers? (chill im writing a book)​

Which of the following statements would someone who believed in Manifest
Destiny most likely support?
A. Intangible ideals like nationalism and democracy should not play a
role in setting U.S. foreign policy
B. The presence of Spanish and English colonies in North America is
unacceptable.
C. The U.S. government has a duty to spread the freedom of
slaveholding to all the territories it controls.
D. No country has the right to use military force to invade another
country's sovereign territory.

Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions and functions in the brain.

I need help! Please help meh!

Explain the Commerce Power of Congress

Refer to the two passages.

Source 1

"By opening a new and inexhaustible market to all the commodities of Europe, it gave occasion to new divisions of labour and improvements of art, which in the narrow circle of the ancient commerce could never have taken place, for want of a market to take off the greater part of their produce. The productive powers of labour were improved, and its produce increased in all the different countries of Europe, and together with it the real revenue and wealth of the inhabitants. The commodities of Europe were almost all new to America, and many of those of America were new to Europe. A new set of exchanges, therefore, began to take place, which had never been thought of before, and which should naturally have proved as advantageous to the new, as it certainly did to the old continent. The savage injustice of the Europeans rendered an event, which ought to have been beneficial to all, ruinous and destructive to several of those unfortunate countries.”

Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776

Source 2

"Throughout the Seventeenth century the economic system of the tobacco colonies depended upon the labor of the poor white man . . . in the Eighteenth century it rested chiefly upon the black shoulders of the African slave.

"There could be no manner of doubt as to the desirability of the slaves from an economic standpoint, apparently the only standpoint that received serious consideration. The indentured servant could be held usually for but a few years. Hardly had he reached his greatest usefulness for his master than he demanded his freedom. Thus for the man of large means to keep his fields always in cultivation it was necessary constantly to renew his supply of laborers. If he required twenty hands, he must import each year some five or six servants, or run the risk of finding himself running behind. But the slave served for life. The planter who had purchased a full supply of negroes could feel that his labor problems were settled once and for all. Not only could he hold the slaves themselves for life, but their children also became his property and took their places in the tobacco fields as soon as they approached maturity.”

Thomas J. Wertenbaker, The Planters of Colonial Virginia, 1922

Which of the following best reflects the effect of the economic changes described in Source 1 on the institutions of 18th-century colonial Virginia discussed in Source 2?

Virginia transformed into a penal colony supported by indentured servants.
Virginians dissolved their tobacco plantations in favor of new cotton plantations.
Virginia’s tobacco farmers became increasingly dependent upon the transatlantic slave trade.
Virginians grew disenchanted with the Columbian exchange and focused more on self-subsistence.

If Brendon Urie has a wife, and he is Ryden, what does that mean?

what are the potential consequences of the interactions of diverse people "at rates that exceed those at which they can be culturally integrated"?

Please help with question 28

Refer to the two passages.

Source 1

"A reconsideration was necessary; for, it seemed to me, with regard to the person, his quality and capital are not sufficient in connection with an enterprise which may come to be of such vast importance, and one requiring greater backing and a method of proceeding other than what is now thought and deemed sufficient; for, even looking at the matter from the utilitarian point of view, although he make the journey at his own cost and without any expense to Your Majesty, it seems to be of little moment whether he goes for gain and in order not to lose the chance of good fortune, but of great importance the hazarding of not only the repute which would be lost among these nations of Indians if the natives of that country should repel this man and his people, but—this is the principal thing involved—that of the conscience and authority of the royal person of Your Majesty.”

Letter from the viceroy of New Spain to the king of Spain, concerning a proposed expedition to the Carolinas, ca. 1596

Source 2

"We, greatly commending, and graciously accepting of, their Desires for the Furtherance of so noble a Work, which may, by the Providence of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the Glory of his Divine Majesty, in propagating of Christian Religion to such People, as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God, and may in time bring the Infidels and Savages, living in those parts, to human Civility, and to a settled and quiet Government: DO, by these our Letters Patents, graciously accept of, and agree to, their humble and well-intended Desires;

"And do therefore, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, GRANT and agree, that the said Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit, and Edward-Maria Wingfield, Adventurers of and for our City of London, and all such others, as are, or shall be, joined unto them of that Colony, shall be called the first Colony; And they shall and may begin their said first Plantation and Habitation, at any Place upon the said-Coast of Virginia.”

Charter given by the king of England to establish the Jamestown colony, ca. 1606

The information presented in the two passages best supports which of the following comparative statements about England’s and Spain’s expansion in the Americas?

Both England and Spain committed significant resources to expanding their territory.
Both England and Spain were concerned about the abuses of colonists.
Both England and Spain were careful to avoid conflict with indigenous peoples.
Both England and Spain presented their actions as moral.

Which of the following elements has the largest first ionization energy?
Li
Be
B
C
N

Why do presidential campaigns matter?

Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP hydrolysis?
A) Movement of glucose molecules into a bacterial cell from a medium containing a higher concentration of glucose that inside the cell
B) Facilitated diffusion of chloride ions across the membrane through a chloride channel
C) Movement of sodium ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid
D) Movement of water into a cell through aquaporins

How do I know if something is an acid so I can avoid eating it?

2. Which languages are forecast to expand and which are expected to contract? Why?

Refer to the two passages.

Source 1

"The national college, or Han-lin-yuen, is a body of learned doctors, who have arrived at the most extensive celebrity, and are the guardians of Chinese literature. They are eligible to the highest offices of state, and exercise great influence in the most important affairs of government. Their learning consists in the knowledge of the Chinese classics, works which a schoolboy cons, and a Hanlin explains. General knowledge is excluded from this department. If they can write a good essay, discourse upon the doctrines of Confucius, and unite with this a knowledge of their own country, and a few imperfect geographical notions, they are truly learned men. But wo unto him who should be daring enough to utter anything beyond what Confucius has taught. Their learning does not consist in examining, but in blindly following established principles.”

Observations of 18th-century Qing government in China by Charles Gutzlaff, from A Sketch of Chinese History, Ancient and Modern, 1834

Source 2

"Wherever we see the word of God sincerely preached and heard, wherever we see the sacraments administered according to the institution of Christ, there we cannot have any doubt that the Church of God has some existence, since his promise cannot fail, ‘Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them’ (Mt. 18:20).”

John Calvin, Protestant reformer, in the fourth book of his anthology The Institutes of the Christian Religion, ca. 1559

Compared to the concepts discussed in Source 2, Catholic and Confucian beliefs between 1450 and 1750 were similar in that they contributed to which of the following?

A clergy class largely separate from politics
Numerous schisms among leaders in the belief system
A decline in literacy among the general population
A belief structure tightly aligned to the state

Hello Guys! This is a question from AP Lang that I need help with. I'd appreciate it if you'd help me.

“The years took all the fight out of Janie's face. For a while she thought it was gone from her soul. No matter what Jody did, she said nothing. She had learned how to talk some and leave some. She was a rut in the road. Plenty of life beneath the surface but it was kept beaten down by the wheels. Sometimes she stuck out into the future, imagining her life different from what it was. But mostly she lived between her hat and her heels, with her emotional disturbances like shade patterns in the woods—come and gone with the sun. She got nothing from Jody except what money could buy, and she was giving away what she didn't value.

“Now and again she thought of a country road at sun-up and considered flight. To where? To what? Then too she considered thirty-five is twice seventeen and nothing was the same at all.” From Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston

What tone is created through the use of diction in the above passage? Give two examples of the diction that reveals the author’s attitude.

In the poem A Lady published in 1914 In context, the phrase "grow mad" (line 12) suggests that the speaker is?

Usually when an individual’s behavior becomes persistent, causes significant discomfort, tends to be maladaptive, and poses a danger to the individual or others will their actions be labeled as __________. A. a culture-bound syndrome B. abnormal behavior C. deviant behavior D. a psychological disorder

Refer to the passage.

"And the persons who have the said native Americans in their charge shall have them sow, in season, half a fang of maize, and shall also give them a dozen hens and a chicken to raise and enjoy the fruit thereof, the chickens as well as the eggs; and as soon as the Indians are brought to the estates they shall be given all the aforesaid as their own property; and the person whom you send for this purpose shall tell them it is for their own use and that it is given them in exchange for what they are leaving behind, to enjoy as their own property. And we command that the persons to whom they are given in encomienda shall keep it for them so that they may enjoy it as their own; and we command that this property shall not be sold or taken from them by any person to whom they may be given in encomienda, or by anyone else, but that it shall belong to the said Indians to whom it is assigned and to their descendants, even though this said person sell the estate in which they are.”

Excerpt from the Laws of Burgos regarding regulations of the encomienda system within the Spanish colonies, 1512

Which of the following best explains how the Laws of Burgos affected the social hierarchy of the Spanish colonies in the Americas?

They allowed indigenous populations to acquire property and raise their status in Spanish society.
They allowed indigenous populations to maintain traditional societal roles and thus preserve their social status.
They allowed Spanish settlers to reinforce their power and social status despite minimal concessions to indigenous people.
They allowed Spanish settlers to have more power over the indigenous populations and moved Spanish settlers to the top of the social hierarchy.