How does antifreeze work in frogs?
Wood frogs have an extremely unique adaption that allows them to survive even if as much as 65 percent of the water in their bodies freezes throughout the winter.
Wood frogs, in contrast to the majority of other species of frogs, do not need to remain submerged in water or below the frost line in order to survive. Instead, their bodies manufacture an antifreeze, which they then either superload or concentrate in certain organs. The glucose acts as an antifreeze, preventing the formation of ice crystals that could be harmful to the wood frog. Because of this adaption, wood frogs can now be found in Alaska and even further north!
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In which part of the cell is the majority of the energy released from the breakdown of glucose?nucleusmitochondrioncytoplasmplasma membrane.
Correct answer is :- Mitochondria
It appears doubtful that complex multicellular animals could have been sustained in this fashion without mitochondria, as eucaryotes would be entirely reliant on the rather inefficient process of glycolysis for all of their ATP production. Less than 10% of the total potential free energy from the glucose is released during the glycolysis process when glucose is transformed to pyruvate. The mitochondria complete the metabolism of sugars, and the energy provided is used so effectively that 30 molecules of ATP are created for every molecule of glucose that is oxidized. In contrast, only 2 molecules of ATP are created by glycolysis alone for every molecule of glucose.
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Identify the answer choice that correctly orders the types of cells from least to most differentiated. (1 point).
A: Totipotent stem cells → Pluripotent stem cells → Multipotent stem cells → Neuron
Explanation:
The development of the various stages of stem cells in the embryonic stage is described here:
Totipotent stem cells: Right after the mitosis of the zygote which results in the formation of two identical daughter cells, which are totipotent stem cells. Totipotent stem cells possess the ability to give rise to 220 different types of cells in the embryo including the placenta.
Pluriopotent stem cells: These types of cells possess the ability to change into any type of cell in the body like blood, muscle, etc. It is formed at the embryonic stem cell stage.
Multipotent stem cells: These stem cells have the ability to change into specialized cell such as forming different organs in the body. It occurs as the pluriopotent cell develops in the embryo.
Neuron: As the multipotent cell has the ability to form a specialized cell it gives rise to the heart, lungs, liver, etc. including neurons.
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What are mutations that affect the reproductive cells?
What are the two methods of contamination removal?
Explanation:
(1) physically remove contaminants, (2) inactivate contaminants by chemical detoxification or disinfection/sterilization
The image shows an energy pyramid for a grassland ecosystem.
Photo Showing the Energy pyramid of Grassland ecosystem. With the apex consumer at the top, followed by the secondary consumer, primary consumer, and producers at the Bottom.
The apex consumer level of this ecosystem contains between 500 and 1000 kilograms of biomass. Which statement best describes the amount of biomass at the level of the primary producers?
A.
less than 50 kilograms, because producers contain less than ten percent of the biomass of apex consumers
B.
between 50 and 500 kilograms, because apex consumers have a moderately greater biomass than producers have
C.
between 500 and 1000 kilograms, because there are similar amounts of biomass at the producer and apex consumer levels of an ecosystem
D.
much larger than 1000 kilograms, because a very high biomass of producers is required to support a smaller biomass of apex consumers
For apex consumers' biomass to range from 500 to 1000 kilograms, the food chain's producers must have significantly larger biomass than that of 1000 kilograms.
Which of the following best sums up the biomass production at the level of primary producers? Energy is transmitted from one organism to another when they consume other species.Only 10% of the available energy is transferred to species at the next higher trophic level, according to the 10% law of energy transfer.The apex or top consumer in this scenario has 500–1000 kg of biomass.The producers in the food chain must have significantly more biomass than 1000 kilograms in order to support the 500 to 1000 kilograms of biomass at the apex consumers.This is so that energy can be transferred from one trophic level to another without losing the majority of it as heat.To learn more about biomass refer
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mary is arguing that sea otters are a keystone species in the coastal ecosystem where they live. which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence for mary's argument? group of answer choices a. the sea otters are the largest population of mammals in the ecosystem. b. unlike other ecosystem members, sea otters spend time both in the water and on land. c. many other species depend either directly or indirectly on the sea otter population. d. the sea otter population increases or decreases with population changes of its food source.
Keystone species can control other population sizes, affecting the trophic chains and the ecosystemic structure. Option C. many other species depend either directly or indirectly on the sea otter population.
What are keystone species?Keystone species are organisms that play a significant role in the population's dynamics. If removed, there would be catastrophic effects on the ecosystem.
Keystone species can,
Control the size of other species populationsModify a community structureExert an up-down effect at lower trophic levels. In this way, they provide essential resources.Prevent dominant species from monopolizing ecosystems.Identifying keystone species turn out to be highly used to recover degraded ecosystems.
There are four main types of keystone species. These are,
Predators. Top predators control all other species in the trophic chain, even plant species. Mutualists. These species benefit other species by being associated.Ecosystemic engineers. These species modify the environment and cause changes in the whole ecosystem. Herbivores. They feed on plants and get to control their population sizes, affecting positively or negatively the ecosystems.The option that provides the strongest evidence for Mary's argument is C. many other species depend either directly or indirectly on the sea otter population.
This is the only option that expresses the direct or indirect dependence of other species on the sea otter.
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What is a difference in the same trait called?
Every person has a single gene with two copies, or alleles. Homozygotes are those who share the same alleles. They are known as heterozygotes when they differ. Blue eyes, for example, are a trait that homozygotes code for.
A codominant trait is what?A characteristic brought about by an allele that expresses itself separately and equally to the other. Supplement. A person with blood type AB has one allele for blood type A and another for blood type B, which is an example of a codominant trait.
What does the term "contrasting trait" mean?A trait is any physical characteristic, such as height, shape, or color. Two forms typically represent a trait. These two forms are referred to as having contrasting traits when they are in opposition to one another. Tall and dwarf, for instance, are two opposites in terms of height.
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When Mendel crossed all purple plants with all white plants all of the offspring were purple because?
Mendel then mixed these plant lines for purebreeding and noted the characteristics of the hybrid offspring. All the first-generation (F1) hybrids, he discovered, resembled one of the parent plants.
What distinguishes progeny from a hybrid?
"Progeny" refers to a child. A simple descendant, a child. A hybrid, however, is completely different. A hybrid is produced when two homozygous creatures mate and the progeny's genetic make-up combines the two. The first hybrid generation, or F 1 progeny, resembles either of its parents.
What does hybrid mean?
What Exactly Is a Hybrid?Definition of hybrid In terms of biology, a hybrid is described as the product of sexual reproduction combining the traits of two creatures belonging to distinct breeds, species, varieties, species, or genera.
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What is the process of animals releasing carbon dioxide?
You emit carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere with each exhalation. Through a process known as respiration, organisms such as animals and plants must expel carbon dioxide gas.
What is the name of the procedure for releasing carbon dioxide?Our lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe. They expel carbon dioxide and inspire oxygen into our bodies, a process known as inspiration or inhalation (called expiration, or exhalation). During breathing, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
How do animals breathe in oxygen and release carbon dioxide?When an animal breathes, it draws in oxygen from the atmosphere and exhales carbon dioxide. The animal's cells produce this carbon dioxide as a waste product during cellular respiration. Individual cells engage in cellular respiration.
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the ability of each cell to maintain a constant internal environment is called
a. evolution
b. homeostasis
c. metabolism
d. adaptation
e. its physiology
Answer:
b. homeostasis
Explanation:
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment.
In this case study, the main focus has been on the organism vibrio cholerae and the toxin it produces. many organisms are capable of producing toxins that allow for pathogenesis, while others are able to infect the host directly and cause disease. in this activity, you will place the organism in a bin based on its ability to cause an infection, an intoxication, or both.
The organism in a bin based on its ability to cause an infection-Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, intoxication- Staphylococcus aureus.
According to the information provided, "intoxication" refers to food poisoning brought on by toxins produced by pathogens like parasites and bacteria. The spread of disease by pathogens or microorganisms into a susceptible host is known as an infection. Irresistible sicknesses can be sent starting with one individual and then onto the next. Additionally, they are known as communicable diseases. As a result, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli cause an infection and Staphylococcus aureus cause intoxication.
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please help, need answers asap!!
Diagram (4) represents the phase of the moon as viewed from the X.
What is a lunar cycle?A lunar cycle, also known as a lunar month or synodic month, is the time it takes for the moon to complete one orbit around the Earth and return to its original position in relation to the sun and the Earth. The lunar cycle is an important concept in astronomy and is used to measure the passage of time.
The lunar cycle has a duration of about 29.5 days, which is slightly shorter than the average duration of a calendar month (30 or 31 days). This is because the lunar cycle is based on the time it takes for the moon to orbit the Earth and return to the same position in the sky, rather than the time it takes for the Earth to orbit the sun. As a result, the lunar cycle does not align perfectly with the solar calendar, and it is necessary to add an extra day (a leap day) to the calendar every four years to account for the discrepancy.
The lunar cycle is an important factor in the cycles of the Earth's tides and in the timing of certain cultural and religious festivals and events. It is also used as a reference for the phases of the moon, which are the different stages of the lunar cycle that can be observed from Earth.
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scientists have developed a new herbicide which farmers can use to control unwanted plants in their crop fields. the chemical works by blocking the production of proteins involved in the capture and storage of energy. which two organelles are most likely to be affected by this chemical?
They do not affect cereal crops, but kill many broad-leaved weeds. Selectivity usually depends on the crop's ability to break down or metabolize the herbicide.
Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis, is capable of triggering sporadic disease outbreaks by which of the following methods?
A) efficient spreading in the host by breaking down blood clots
B) capsular switching
C) hides from the immune system inside neurons
D) infecting compromised hosts
E) mutations due to utilization of reverse transcriptase
Neisseria meningitidis is capable of triggering sporadic disease outbreaks by B) capsular switching,
What is Neisseria meningitidis and how does it spread?
Neisseria meningitidis is an encapsulated, aerobic, gram-negative diplococcus bacteria that can cause meningitis and other meningococcal diseases. Neisseria meningitidis is the most common cause of sepsis and meningitis is in newborns, young children, and adolescents, and results in significant morbidity and mortality globally.
One in ten persons are carriers of the Neisseria meningitidis bacteria in their throat and back of nose without being unwell. By exchanging lung and throat secretions such as saliva or spit, humans can transmit the Neisseria meningitidis bacteria to others. In most cases, close or prolonged contact such as kissing or coughing is required to spread these microorganisms. The bacteria cannot be acquired by inadvertent touch or by breathing air that has been exposed to a person who has a meningococcal disease.
The main determinant determining the virulence of Neisseria meningitidis is its polysaccharide capsule. Serogroup specificity and consequent pathogenicity of the bacteria are caused by the structure of the capsular polysaccharides. Neisseria meningitidis can modify its capsular phenotype through a process called capsular switching. Neisseria meningitidis bacteria acquire a new capsule operon by horizontal gene transfer in order to create strains with higher virulence.
Therefore, Neisseria meningitidis is capable of triggering sporadic disease outbreaks by B) capsular switching,
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Zoom out and drag the sky map until you can see a full circle sky on your screen. Make a mental note of the location of one or two constellations that are near ursa minor. Click on the grey time box that is on the bottom right side of the sky map. Use the slider to fast-forward through time. Go from 22:00 to 6:00. Describe how the location of ursa minor and the other constellations in the sky changed relative to polaris throughout the night and early morning.
Due to the earth spinning on its axis, the place of the constellation seems to be changed during the night and early morning.
What do you mean by Polaris?
Polaris may be defined as the group of stars that make up the Little Dipper. It is very distant from the earth and located in a position very near Earth's north celestial pole.
Polaris does not move, but the constellation and Ursa minor are constantly moving. This movement is not detected by bare eyes. These stars are so far away that we can not see them moving due to the parallax effect.
Therefore, due to the earth spinning on its axis, the place of the constellation seems to be changed during the night and early morning.
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If the substrate in the first image in the left of the series is a disaccharide such as sucrose, what is the enzyme doing to the disaccharide?
Generally when a substrate binds to an enzyme , a substrate enzyme complex is formed,but in case of disaccharides the binding of enzyme to them causes them to 1st break into a monosaccharide then further reaction is carried out.
What is disaccharides?Any substance is made up of two connected simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides), often known as a disaccharide or double sugar. Crystalline, water-soluble molecules are known as disaccharides.
In food, the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and grain sugar maltose all include glucose. Sucrose may be found naturally in honey, maple sugar, sugarcane, and sugar beets. White, brown, and powdered sugars are produced by processing these ingredients.
Monosaccharides are made up of a single glucose, fructose, or galactose simple sugar molecule and cannot be divided into simpler sugars. To create more complex carbohydrates, different combinations of these three monosaccharides are used. Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides.
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The complete question is as follows:
In the figure above, if the substrate (green) in the first image on the left of the series is a disaccharide, what is the enzyme doing to the disaccharide?
Do somatic mutations lead to genetic variation?
Yes, somatic mutations lead to genetic variation, in fact, Genetic variation is produced in some way by every cell division.
A change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell in a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells is known as a somatic mutation. Specifically, any mutation that takes place in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte
Somatic mutations that do not cause cancer and occur during development may alter cellular function without affecting cell proliferation, as is the case with cancer. There are gauges that the change trouble in physical cells is very high, and appraisals in light of realized transformation rates propose that each cell division makes some type of genetic variations, which could conceivably affect cell capability.
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for a child to be xyy, there must have been a mistake in meiosis. was the mistake during sperm formation or egg formation? was the mistake in meiosis i or ii? explain.
For a boy to be XYY, there must have been Nondisjunction during meiosis, which resulted in the formation of the father's sperm. The error most likely occurred during the anaphase of meiosis II. Sister chromatids separate during this phase, and malfunction to separate during this phase results in one YY gamete and may eventually contribute to a boy becoming XYY.
When homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly during cell division, a mistake occurs. This results in unequal daughter cells, one with an increased share of a chromosome and another with one chromosome missing.
Nondisjunction is the most common meiotic error, in which chromatids fail to differentiate during either anaphase I or meiosis II, resulting in an imbalance in the number of chromosomes present in each daughter cell. The majority of imbalances are incompatible with life, but some will produce viable offspring with a range of developmental disorders.
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What animals are similar to clams?
Clams resemble oysters, mussels, and scallops in appearance. All of them belong Molluscan bivalve class.
The clams have soft bodies protected in pressed between two hemispheres of calcareous nature. They lack backbone due to this comes under invertebrates. The major gaseous exchange in clams takes place through the gills. The numerous foot-like structure present over the bodies of the Bivalvia member help in gathering and processing floating food. The mantle secretes fluid substances periodically, which forms the calcareous external shell of molluscan. The male and female sexes are present in them. They frequently reside over the ocean floor. These are rich sources of protein and vitamins.
Hence, clams belong to the Bivalvia class of Mollusca.
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Based on Figure 1, what percent of the time required to complete a full cycle do the cells typically spend in interphase?
a. 5
b. 50
c. 35
d. 95
Answer:
D
Explanation:
During interphase, the cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing for cell division. It is the longest phase of the cell cycle, cell spends approximately 90% of its time in this phase.
What is a good argument for genetically modifying animals?
Genetic modification of farm animals can increase yield; for example, cows can be modified to produce so much milk for a similar size herd.
The vast majority of genetically engineered animals remain in the research stage, rather than being used for their intended purposes or being commercially available. The genetic engineering of animals had also increased dramatically in recent years, and the application of this technology brings with that as well ethical issues, among which connect to animal welfare — defined by World Organization for Animal Health as "the state of the animal…how a mammal is coping with conditions in which it lives". Genetically modified farm animals are used in large quantities to produce medicinally important products such as antibodies.
All interested parties, including veterinarians, must consider these issues to ensure that all parties seem to be aware of the ethical concerns at stake and can contribute meaningfully to the current debate over the creation and utilization of genetically engineered animals.
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What are the 5 components of homeostasis?
The primary components responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis can be categorized as stimulus, receptor, control center, effector and feedback mechanism.
Change
Changes occur constantly in and around the cells of living systems. A change is anything that requires a cell to react, such as a change in temperature, pressure or chemical composition inside or surrounding the cell.
Receptor :Once a change occurs, it’s the receptors job to detect the change and alert the proper control center to counteract it, returning the cell and the overall system to a balanced state -- homeostasis.
Control Center
As the control center receives impulses from its remote receptors, it sends commands to the effector to counteract the change in the environment. Using the same example, the medulla oblongata commands the effector -- the heart in this case -- to slow its pulse. Control centers are located in the brain.
Effector
The effector acts on the impulses from its specific command center, counteracting the change and returning the internal and external cell environment to a balanced state. Effectors are the physical change agents such as the heart, organs and fluids of the body -- the workhorses of homeostasis.
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Kavya noticed that there are gaps between different sections of a highway road as shown below?
Answer:
what does this have to do with math and science
All of the following are protective factors of the skin and its secretions EXCEPT A) keratin. B) tightly packed cells. C) lysozyme production.
All of the following are protective factors of the skin and its secretions EXCEPT pyocyanin production.
The Gram negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces and secretes a number of toxic compounds, including pyrocyanin (PCN). Pyocyanin is a blue secondary metabolite that turns red below pH 4.9 and has the ability to oxidize and reduce other molecules, killing microbes competing with P. The only gram-negative bacillus capable of producing the water-soluble pigment pyocyanin is Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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(T/F) bottleneck events are always caused by the death of most of a species’ population.
It is False that bottleneck events are always caused by the death of most of a species’ population.
An event that drastically reduces a population's size is known as a population bottleneck. The bottleneck could be brought on by a number of things, like an environmental catastrophe, the killing of a species to the point of extinction, or the destruction of a habitat that kills organisms.
Bottleneck occasions are caused when the size of a populace forcefully declines, and there are different reasons for this downfall. It frequently involves the extinction of the majority of a species' population, for example as a result of human behavior or a natural disaster like an earthquake or famine. However, it may also occur as a result of a separation event or a mass migration in which the majority of a species survives.
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Who is the scientist for whom the dideoxy sequencing method is named?
Frederick Sanger is the scientist for whom the dideoxy sequencing method is named.
The Sanger technique of DNA sequencing relies on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication and uses electrophoresis. It was created by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, and for the next 40 years it was the most extensively utilized sequencing technique. Applied Biosystems first made it available for purchase in 1986. More recently, dideoxy sequencing techniques have supplanted higher volume Sanger sequencing, particularly for large-scale, automated genome analysis. However, for smaller-scale initiatives and for validating the outcomes of deep sequencing, the Sanger approach is still widely used. A single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, regular deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), and modified di-deoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs), which stop DNA strand elongation, are needed for the traditional chain-termination approach. When a modified ddNTP is added, DNA polymerase stops extending DNA because these chain-terminating nucleotides lack the 3'-OH group necessary to generate a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides. The ddNTPs can be fluorescently or radioactively labeled to be detected by automated sequencing equipment.
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Which is true of a positive feedback loop?
A. It causes products of a reaction to increase the reaction, moving away from equilibrium.
B. It only occurs in plants.
C. It helps the characteristic stay at equilibrium.
Answer:
It causes products of a reaction to increase the reaction, moving away from equilibrium
Explanation:
The capillaries that wrap around each muscle fiber are located within the __________.
a) epimysium
b) sarcolemma
c) perimysium
d) endomysium
The capillaries that wrap around each muscle fiber are located within the (d) endomysium.
Capillaries are a type of blood vessels. It is a fine-network of tubes that are interconnected to form a mesh. These are the smallest of all blood vessels. They are present throughout the body and mediate the exchange of blood and substances at the target site.
Endomysium literally means within the muscles. It is the areolar connective tissue which is present as a sheath around each muscle fiber in the body. It aids in connecting the muscle fibers to the nerves or blood vessels and thus mediate exchange of signals or substances.
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What are the advantages of using empathy?
There are various advantages of using empathy. Some of them are
Improved Understanding, Relationships and many others like:
1. Improved Understanding: Empathy helps us to understand and relate to other people’s feelings and experiences, allowing us to gain insight into their lives and perspectives.
2. Improved Relationships: Empathy allows us to connect with people on a deeper level, leading to stronger, more meaningful relationships.
3. Improved Problem-Solving: Empathy promotes creative problem-solving, as we are able to see things from another person’s point of view and come up with solutions that consider their needs.
4. Improved Communication: Empathy helps us to communicate more effectively, as we are better able to understand the emotions behind someone’s words and respond in a more compassionate and understanding way.
5. Improved Mental Health: Empathy can help to reduce stress and anxiety, as it allows us to be more understanding of others and of ourselves.
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