_______________ __________ is the exchange of genetic information between homologous pairs of chromosomes which accounts for genetic variation.

Answer:

Biological energy conversion in mitochondria is carried out by the membrane protein complexes of the respiratory chain and the mitochondrial ATP synthase in the inner membrane cristae. Recent advances in electron cryomicroscopy have made possible new insights into the structural and functional arrangement of these complexes in the membrane, and how they change with age. This review places these advances in the context of what is already known, and discusses the fundamental questions that remain open but can now be approached.

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. In all eukaryotes that do not depend on photosynthesis, the mitochondria are the main source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy-rich compound that drives fundamental cell functions. These functions include force generation (for example, in muscle contraction and cell division), the biosynthesis, folding and degradation of proteins, and the generation and maintenance of membrane potentials. ATP is produced on a massive scale in the human body, amounting to 50 kg per day in a healthy adult, but considerably more in a long-distance runner. ATP is generated by the mitochondrial ATP synthase from ADP and phosphate ions. These are the products of ATP hydrolysis at the sites where energy is needed in the cell. Apart from cellular respiration and ATP synthesis, mitochondria have numerous other essential functions, including the production of NADH and GTP in the citric acid cycle, the biosynthesis of amino acids, heme groups and iron-sulfur clusters or the synthesis of phospholipids for membrane biogenesis. They also act in calcium signaling [1], stress responses [2] and generally as cellular signaling hubs [3]. Not surprisingly, mitochondria play a fundamental role in human health. Mitochondrial dysfunction is the cause of severe, often maternally inherited diseases. Moreover, mitochondria are deeply implicated in apoptosis and ageing [4].

In many respects, mitochondria resemble α-proteobacteria, from which they are thought to have originated by endocytosis some 1.6 billion years ago. The most striking evidence of this evolutionary relationship is the close homology of bacterial and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes. Mitochondria have their own genetic system, which uses a distinct DNA code that differs both from that of their bacterial ancestors and their eukaryotic hosts [5]. They have their own protein translation machinery, complete with ribosomes, tRNAs and associated protein factors that more or less resemble those of their bacterial ancestors. Very recently, the first high-resolution structure of a mitochondrial ribosome, determined by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM), has revealed a fascinating patchwork of similarities to and differences from bacterial ribosomes [6]. Nevertheless, mitochondria make surprisingly little use of their specialized protein production machinery. In the course of evolution they have transferred up to 99 % of their genes to the nucleus. Today, the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are produced in the cytoplasm and imported into the organelle by an elaborate set of protein translocases [7]. In humans, only 13 mitochondrial proteins are organelle-encoded, all of them central, hydrophobic subunits of respiratory chain complexes or of the ATP synthase.

Mitochondria are highly dynamic [8]. In the cell, they form a tubular network that constantly changes by division and fusion (Additional file 1). Both processes are accomplished by multi-component molecular machineries that include a number of dynamin-related GTPases [9, 10]. When mitochondria are isolated from cells, the network breaks up into fragments that spontaneously reseal. Isolated mitochondria are fully competent for respiration and ATP synthesis [11]. They maintain their membrane composition, organization and membrane potential, as well as the ability to fuse [12] and to import proteins [7]. We owe much of what we know about mitochondria and how they work at the molecular level to in vitro studies with isolated mitochondria, or even mitochondrial membrane fractions, which still carry out oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis [13].

The composition of mitochondrial membrane consists of several proteins and phospholipids.

The composition of a eukaryotic cell membrane comprises of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol or sterols.

What is a cell membrane ?

The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment and protects the cell from its environment.

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Answer:

They assemble amino acids into proteins.

controls the movement of substances into and out of cells

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Answer:

every arthropod have jointed legs

Explanation:

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Answer:

b. heat energy

Explanation:

Water, which is able to exist in three different states moves from one form to another. Water can move from the ocean to the atmosphere via a process called EVAPORATION. During the process of evaporation, the sun plays a major role by supplying the HEAT ENERGY required to change water from its liquid form in the ocean to its gaseous form in the atmosphere.

Water cycle of the earth helps ensure that water is not lost in any of its forms. Liquid water stored in the ocean gets evaporated as a result of heat energy into the atmosphere as water vapour.

Answer:

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic (inherited) disease that causes sticky, thick mucus to build up in organs, including the lungs and the digestive system. In people who have CF, thick mucus clogs the airways and makes it difficult to breathe.

Answer:

Angiosperms are vascular plants, and all vascular plants have a life cycle in which the sporophyte phase (vegetative body) is the dominant phase and the gametophyte phase remains diminutive.

Explanation:

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Angiosperms are vascular plants, and all vascular plants have a life cycle in which the sporophyte phase (vegetative body) is the dominant phase and the gametophyte phase remains diminutive.

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Answer:

Zero

Explanation:

Work = force x distance moved by the force in its direction

= 800 * 0

= 0

Answer:

- Célula >> unidad básica y funcional de todos los seres vivos

- Nutrición >> proceso de toma de nutrientes del medio ambiente  

- Reproducción >> proceso de replicación con el fin de perpetuar la especie

- Respiración >> proceso de intercambio gaseoso en organismos superiores  

- Adaptación >> mecanismo por el cual los organismos se ajustan a su ambiente

Explanation:

Un mamífero (por ejemplo, un perro) es un organismo multicelular compuesto por diferentes tipos de células especializadas las cuales se asocian para formar tejidos, que a su vez se asocian para formar órganos y finalmente sistemas de órganos. El sistema respiratorio está compuesto por las vías aéreas y los pulmones. Durante el proceso de respiración se produce el intercambio gaseoso de oxígeno (O2) y dióxido de carbono (CO2) entre los pulmones y la sangre. El oxígeno obtenido mediante la inspiración pasa de los alvéolos pulmonares a la sangre para llegar a cada célula del cuerpo, mientras que en cada expiración se elimina dióxido de carbono en el sentido inverso. La nutrición es el proceso de toma de nutrientes mediante el cual el organismo obtiene energía y materia de su ambiente. Durante este proceso, el sistema digestivo incorpora alimentos que posteriormente son descompuestos en moléculas simples conocidas como nutrientes las cuales son absorbidas para finalmente pasar a la sangre y así llegar a cada célula del cuerpo. La reproducción consiste en el mecanismo mediante el cual una especie se asegura su continuidad a través del tiempo. Los órganos reproductores masculino y femenino están encargados de producir células sexuales, es decir, gametos masculinos (espermatozoides) y gametos femeninos (óvulos) que se unen durante el proceso de fertilización para dar lugar a un cigoto que se desarrollará hasta formar un organismo adulto. Finalmente, la adaptación se refiere al mecanismo por el cual un organismo se ajusta a su ambiente. A nivel de especie, la adaptación es una consecuencia del proceso evolutivo por el cual aquellos organismos que se ajustan mejor a su ambiente tienen más chances de sobrevivir y reproducirse, teniendo por lo tanto más chances de transmitir sus genes a la siguiente generación.

Explanation:

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Answer:

The characteristics of a planet are that it (a) is in orbit around the sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium [nearly round] shape, and (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit.

Explanation:

UP

Answer:

If you are referring to the potential energy of the bell then the answer would be:

8,379 kg.m²/s² or 8,379 Joules

Explanation:

Answer:

roses

Explanation:

It occurs when an odor binds to a receptor within the nasal cavity, transmitting a signal through the olfactory system.2 Glomeruli aggregate signals from these receptors and transmit them to the olfactory bulb, where the sensory input will start to interact with parts of the brain responsible for smell identification, memory, and emotion.3

There are many different causes for alteration, lack, or disturbance to a normal sense of smell, and can include damage to the nose or smell receptors, or central problems affecting the brain. Some causes include upper respiratory infections, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disease.

Answer:

Fresh

Explanation:

When you look at the chartr, Roses were cconsidered a floral scent, which was listed, then there was putrid, pungent, and 3 others, the only one that wasn't listed was fresh, because often out scent and taste work together to help us find rotten foods, but we find that by smelling putrid scents or pungent scents, rather than fresh scents. Therefor the correct response is fresh

Answer:

Oxygen is a gas that your body needs to work properly. Your cells need oxygen to make energy. Your lungs absorb oxygen from the air you breathe. The oxygen enters your blood from your lungs and travels to your organs and body tissues

Answer: oxygen is like a gas that helps your body work and breathe. For example your lungs need air and etc. Then chemicals from red blood cells pick up the Oxygen and bring it to the body tissues and cells

Answer:

Voyager 1

Explanation:

At a distance of 152.6 AU (22.8 billion km; 14.2 billion mi) from Earth as of April 24, 2021, it is the most distant man-made object from Earth. The probe's objectives included flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's largest moon, Titan.

Answer:

Voyager 1

Explanation:

Voyager 1 has overtaken all other spacecrafts and is now the most distant: 22 billion km away, pulling away from the slightly slower Voyager 2 at “only” 18.8 billion km distant

Explanation:

Where possible, we can switch to renewable sources of energy (such as solar and wind energy) to power our homes and buildings, thus emitting far less heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere.

Answer:

Other scientists can see the specimen and of offer suggestions and alternative interpretations.

Explanation:

Answer:s

Q1. Skeletal anatomy

Q2. Desire of an entity to remain in a balanced state of resist.change.

Q3. Elk having smaller horns attributed to hunting for Elk with larger horns.

Q4. True

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Answer:

envromet which plants organsims human bigse are living

Answer:

Leaves are the major site of photosynthesis

Answer:

Leaves

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Explanation:

Answer:

Invasive species consume limited resources and become competitor of native species in a given ecosystem

Explanation:

Invasive species are the outsider species introduced in any given ecosystem. These invasive  species become a competitor with the native species of that ecosystem for limited resources and hence deplete the limited resources at a faster pace thereby leaving all other species at the risk of dying.

Answer:

The digestive system, the circulatory system, and the muscular system work together and process and obtain nutrients from food. The skeletal system, the endocrine system, and the lymphatic system also work with the digestive system and process those nutrients.

Explanation:

Answer:

An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. Among the more important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic information; mitochondria, which produce chemical energy; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins.

Explanation:

organelles membrane bound structure found within a cell......

bound in a double layer of phospholipids to insulate their little compartments within the larger cells just as a celll

Answer:

The first alligator ancestors evolved about 245 million years ago.

Explanation:

The first alligator ancestors evolved about 245 million years ago due to change in the environmental condition.  crocodilians appeared about 80 million years ago during the Cretaceous period. Modern alligators has experience less changes which is closely related to their ancient ancestors and look much like to their relatives that exists about 80 million years ago. The main reason for the change in the body structure of alligator is due to change in environmental condition.

The evolution of alligators can be analyzed by sequencing samples of different species and then producing a bioinformatic analysis.

Evolution means descendence with some class of modification in offspring (phenotypic, genetic, etc).

In conclusion, the evolution of alligators can be analyzed by sequencing samples of different species and then producing a bioinformatic analysis.

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Answer:

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If an organism is having 2n = 54 chromosomes, then the gamete will have 27 chromosomes each.

A gamete is an animal or plant reproductive cell. Female gametes are acknowledged as ova or egg cells in animals, whereas the male gametes are known as sperm.

During cell division, the gamete receives half of the chromosomes of the parent cell due to a process referred to as meiosis.

Thus, if an organism is having 2n = 54 chromosomes, then the gamete will have 27 chromosomes each.

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Answer:

By comparing the plants and animals we've bred for thousands of years for the perfect amount of food and parts we like. It's possible to create perfect humans, and to make humans immune to disease and genetic disabilities  

Explanation:

Explanation:

Global warming is causing global mean sea level to rise in two ways. First, glaciers and ice sheets worldwide are melting and adding water to the ocean. Second, the volume of the ocean is expanding as the water warms.