The history of science is also a history of people resisting new discoveries that conflict with conventional wisdom.
When Galileo promoted Copernicus’ theory that the Earth revolves around the sun – counter to church doctrine about the Earth being the center of the universe – he wound up condemned by the Roman Inquisition in 1633. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution – that new species develop as a result of natural selection on inherited traits – ran into opposition because it contradicted long-held scientific, political and religious beliefs. Alfred Wegener’s 1912 proposal that Earth’s continents move relative to each other – the theory of continental drift – was rejected for decades, in part because scientists held fast to the traditional theories they’d spent careers developing.
These kinds of examples aren’t only historical, unfortunately. We’re used to hearing about how the general public can be dense about science. You might expect some portion of everyday folks to take their time coming around on truly groundbreaking ideas that run counter to what they’ve always thought.
But scientists, too, hold their own personal beliefs – by definition, based on old ways of thinking – that may be holding back the innovation that’s at the heart of science. And that’s a problem. It’s one thing for an average Joe to resist evolving scientific theories. It’s quite another if a scientist’s preconceived notions holds us back from discovering the new and unknown – whether that’s a cure for Zika or a cutting-edge technology to combat climate change.
Personal beliefs as publication roadblocks
Real scientific progress occurs when laboratory or field research is reported to the public. With luck, the finding is accepted and put into practice, cures are developed, social policies are instituted, educational practices are improved and so on.
This usually occurs though publication of the research in scientific journals. There’s an important step between the lab and publication that laypeople may not know about – the evaluation of the research by other scientists. These other scientists are peers of the researcher, typically working in a closely related area. This middle step is commonly referred to as peer review.
In a perfect world, peer review is supposed to determine if the study is solid, based on the quality of the research. It’s meant to be an unbiased evaluation of whether the findings should be reported via journal publication. This important step prevents sloppy research from reaching the public.
However, in the real world, scientists are human beings and are often biased. They let their own beliefs influence their peer reviews. For example, numerous reports indicate that scientists rate research more favorably if the findings agree with their prior beliefs. Worst of all, these prior beliefs often have nothing to do with science but are simply the scientists’ personal views.
‘But that’s counter to what I thought…’
How is this a problem for scientific innovation? Let’s look at how some personal beliefs could prevent innovative science from reaching the public.
Minorities aren’t good at STEM.” The stereotype that “women are not good at math” is commonly held – and also happens to be incorrect. If a scientist holds this personal belief, then he is likely to judge any research done by women in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) more negatively – not because of its quality, but because of his own personal belief.
For instance, some studies have shown that female STEM applicants in academia are judged more harshly than their male counterparts. Because of this gender bias, it may take a female STEM researcher more time and effort before her work reaches the public.
Some racial minorities face similar kinds of bias. For example, one study found that black applicants are less likely to receive research funding from the U.S. National Institutes of Health than equivalently qualified whites. That’s a major roadblock to these researchers advancing their work.
However, people often believe that comic books are just low-brow entertainment for kids. If a scientist holds this personal belief, then she’s likely to judge any psychology research using comic books more negatively. Because of this, scientists like me who focus on comic books may not be able to publish in the most popular psychology journals. As a result, fewer people will ever see this research.
The history of psychology supplies one example. Behaviorism was psychology’s dominant school of thought for the first part of the 20th century, relying on observed behavior to provide insights. Its devotees rejected new techniques for studying psychology. During behaviorism’s reign, any talk of internal processes of the mind was considered taboo. One of the pioneers of the subsequent cognitive revolution, George A. Miller, said “using ‘cognitive’ was an act of defiance.” Luckily for us, he was defiant and published one of the most highly cited papers in psychology.
The scientific endeavor requires belief. There would be no science if people didn't have faith in the objectivity of other scientists' work.
What is the importance of scientific discoveries?New techniques, new galaxies, new planets, and potentially even the existence of life on them are just a few of the previously unthinkable possibilities that science has made feasible. Further possibility lies in the future.
Scientism is a very odd word, but for reasons we will see, it is an important one. Despite being a relatively new term, it is connected to numerous other “isms” that have a long and violent history.
The moral standing of professors and mentors, the order and understanding of nature, and the compatibility of reason and truth.
Therefore, scientific discovery in today’s world that has been overshadowed by popular belief.
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How do plant cells differ from animal cells
Answer: Plant cells have chlorophyll, chloroplasts, cell walls, a more blocky shape, and larger vacuoles. Animal cells have a more rounder shape, no cell wall but only a cell membrane, smaller vacuoles, and other organelles such has centrosomes, which plant cells don’t have.
Explanation:
Answer:
Plant and animal cells are different in that plant cells have chloroplasts and rigid cell walls, while animal cells do not.
HELP PLSSSS
Question 24
2 pts
What is the difference between a question and a hypothesis?
A question is an assumption and the hypothesis is the answer to the assumption.
A question is developed from some observations and the hypothesis is a tentative explanation for that
question.
A question is what you end up with after the test and the hypothesis is a summary of the conclusions.
A question is the summary of data collected and the hypothesis is the interpretation of the data
Question 25
2 pts.
Answer:
A question is developed from some observations and the hypothesis is a tentative explanation for that
Explanation:
Grade 8 2020-2021
Which form of energy is almost always produced during energy transformations?
O
A heat
B. electricity
C. light
D. sound
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Because I searched it up
Answer:
A
Explanation:
During transformations from one form to another, heat energy is almost always produced. Whenever a form of energy is converted to the other form, heat is almost always released during the reaction.
What are the important considerations during the classification of nematodes? Describe how nematodes are classified and also different systems of nematode classification?
Answer:
The important considerations during the classification of nematodes and also different systems of nematode classification is discussed below in details.
Explanation:
Nematodes that generally parasitize humans incorporate ascarids (Ascaris), hookworms, filariasis, pinworms (Enterobius), and whipworms (Trichuris). The species Trichinella spiralis, generally recognized as the 'trichina worm', transpires in pigs, rats, humans, and bears, and is accountable for the disease trichinosis.
out of all these animals which is the biggest emu kangaroo kookaburra wombat
Answer:
kangaroo
Explanation:
How is energy cycled through a cell?
Answer:The cell needs glucose to have ATP and the cycle is cellular respiration. It turns glucose into energy by forming that ATP.
Explanation:
How does the presence of suspense in a story affect readers?
It helps them predict the story’s outcome.
It gives them hints about the characters’ thoughts.
It makes them skip the boring parts.
It keeps them engaged in the story.
Answer:
Suspense ensures the reader will have enough interest to continue reading throughout the piece. If the author has done his job, suspense will continue to increase up until the climax, or the final confrontation and turning point.
Explanation:
Hope this works out my friend
It keeps them engaged in the story. So, the correct option is (D).
What is Suspense?Suspense is defined as a state of mental uncertainty, worry, being undecided, or being doubtful. It is the anticipation of the outcome of a plot or the resolution of an uncertainty, riddle, or mystery, especially as it affects a character for whom there is sympathy.
Following are the types of suspense :
Narrative SuspenseShort-term SuspenseRomantic/Comedic SuspenseCliffhangersMysteryHorrorThe smart use of suspense in a story that helps build suspense and keep the plot engaging as the reader progresses, and sets the stage for genuine surprise and shock when a major plot point or twist is revealed from an unexpected angle.
Thus, it keeps them engaged in the story. So, the correct option is (D).
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Select the part whose main job is to direct a plant cell's activities by sending instructions to
different parts of the cell.
vacuole
chloroplasts
mitochondria
nucleus
Please hurry I’m in a rush
Nucleus part main job is to direct a plant cell's activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell.
What is the short definition of a plant cell?Plant cells are eukaryotic cells with a genuine nucleus and particular organelles to carry out particular tasks. Plant cells do, however, include several organelles that are unique from those seen in other eukaryotic cells.
Where can you find plant cells?Roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and reproductive structures are only a few of the major classes of cells and tissues that are formed when plant cells differentiate from undifferentiated meristematic cells, which are similar to the stem cells of animals.
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Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are most likely due to similarities in their
environment
analogous structures
ancestory
fossil forms
Answer:
fsaf
Explanation:
dsdadsda
A tiny seeding grows into a tall tree with a mass of several tons. From where does the tree gain all that mass?
Answer:
it comes from sunlight
Explanation:
Which of the traits below are completely influenced by the expression of genes? (Choose all that apply)
Group of answer choices
weight
hair texture
attached or unattached earlobes
eye color
Answer:
Hair texture, attached/unattached earlobes, eye colors.
Explanation:
Weight is gained through the individual themselves as they grow and develop. There is no determined weight with genes.
Answer:
I hope this helps.
Explanation:
Mature age woman learners list ___ as the most common reason for not completing their degress
Answer:
Family is the answer
Explanation:
Mature woman have a lot of responsibilities on there shoulder, th house, the kids, the budget planning, job work etc. They just can't have a single minute to waste upon, they have to handle so many things, and they do that all with single hand. They make things perfect and that takes a lot of their time, after doing this all daily chores even Jesus wouldn't have energy to do anything, so how do you expect any human. Woman plays a very responsible role from beginning of the day to night.
Definition: This is the location where two or more bones make contact. This junction allows for
movement and structural support.
CAN SOMEONE PLZZ HELP REPORT CARDS ARE DUE TOMORROW
Answer:
Joint.
Explanation:
A joint can be defined as the location where two or more bones make contact.
Also, a ligament refers to a short elastic band-like tough fibrous tissue that holds the bones of a joint together so as to keep them in place. This joints are able to move (lengthen and shorten) as a result of the presence of muscles.
Basically, this junction known as joints are typically found in vertebrates and it allows for movement and structural support.
Hence, the ability of the human body to make movements such as sitting down, kneeling, standing up, bending, walking, running etc., is solely dependent on the joints. Thus, without joints all vertebrates would be completely rigid and static.
Music > color should be read as: a. music on color c. music to color b. music before color d. music then color Please select the best answer from the choices provided A B C D
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Which of the following best describes why cells must be tiny?
Answer: Cells must be tiny so the DNA will not overload.
Explanation:
Answer:
cells must be tiny
Explanation:
they have to be tiny because your body is made up of hundreds of cells and they make up your body and in order to have the cells your body needs as you grow they asexual reproduce which makes more and makes you grow which is why they are tiny and when science is special because they need a special tool to see. the cells
11
Sea otters move into the ocean bay. The eat all the sea urchins. This change will cause the
A. Kelp to have less food
B. crabs to have less food
C. Sea ducks to have more food
D.Arctic foxes to have more food
The presence of sea otters in an ocean bay will result in a reduction in the amount of food available to carbs because they feed on sea urchins. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
What is food chain?The linear relationship between creatures that demonstrates how they obtain energy by feeding on one another is referred to as the food chain.
The information provided in this inquiry suggests that sea otters migrate into the ocean bay and consume all of the sea urchins there.
This leads one to believe that they cut down on the food supply of another eater of urchins, such as carbs. Because of this, the introduction of sea otters into the ocean bay will result in there being less food available for carbs.
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If the original strand reads ATT-CCC-GCA what is the complementary strand?
Explanation:
Problem Set 4 Answers
1a. The template DNA strand, from which the mRNA is synthesized, is 5’ CAAACTACCCTGGGTTGCCAT 3’
(RNA synthesis proceeds in a 5’ à 3’ direction, so the template strand and the mRNA will be complementary to each other)
b. The coding DNA strand, which is complementary to the template strand, is 5’ ATGGCAACCCAGGGTAGTTTG 3’
c. The sequence of the mRNA is 5’ AUGGCAACCCAGGGUAGUUUG 3’
(the sequence of the mRNA is complementary to the template strand and identical to the coding strand with U substituted for T)
d. The third codon is 5’ ACC 3’. Therefore, the corresponding anti-codon is 5’ GGU 3’
2. Below is a table for the genetic code:
T
C
A
G
T
TTT Phe (F)
TTC "
TTA Leu (L)
TTG "
TCT Ser (S)
TCC "
TCA "
TCG "
TAT Tyr (Y)
TAC "
TAA Stop
TAG Stop
TGT Cys (C)
TGC "
TGA Stop
TGG Trp (W)
C
CTT Leu (L)
CTC "
CTA "
CTG "
CCT Pro (P)
CCC "
CCA "
CCG "
CAT His (H)
CAC "
CAA Gln (Q)
CAG "
CGT Arg (R)
CGC "
CGA "
CGG "
A
ATT Ile (I)
ATC "
ATA "
ATG Met (M)
ACT Thr (T)
ACC "
ACA "
ACG "
AAT Asn (N)
AAC "
AAA Lys (K)
AAG "
AGT Ser (S)
AGC "
AGA Arg (R)
AGG "
G
GTT Val (V)
GTC "
GTA "
GTG "
GCT Ala (A)
GCC "
GCA "
GCG "
GAT Asp (D)
GAC "
GAA Glu (E)
GAG "
GGT Gly (G)
GGC "
GGA "
GGG "
a. The following codons can be mutated by one base to produce an amber codon:
CAG Gln
AAG Lys
GAG Glu
TCG Ser
TTG Leu
TGG Trp
TAA Stop
TAT Tyr
TAC Tyr
The complementary strand will read TAA-GGG-CGT since the A is complementary to T and C is to G nucleotide.
What are nucleotides?A biological molecule known as a nucleotide has the basic building blocks of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate. As polynucleotides, DNA and RNA are composed of a chain of monomers with various nitrogenous bases. The execution of metabolic and physiological processes requires nucleotides.
Building blocks of nucleic acids, energy storage, carriers of activated metabolites for biosynthesis, structural moieties of coenzymes, and metabolic regulators are all roles that nucleotides play in the physiology of animals.
Adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine are the proper bases to couple with in DNA. Therefore, the complementary strand will read TAA-GGG-CGT since the A is complementary to T and C is to G nucleotide.
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Why is it logical to see that “parasitic” genomes tend to be much smaller than similar free-living organisms?
You are working with a set of human remains that show two pathologies. You note some spongy bone on the upper side of the eye socket of the individual. You also note several lips or spurs of bone protruding from the vertebra. What two afflictions did the individual likely suffer from
Answer:
Porotic hyperostosis and an iron deficiency anemia
Explanation:
Iron deficiency anemia is a popular type of anemia caused by the deficiency of the mineral iron in the blood. The body needs iron to produce hemoglobin which helps to distribute oxygen in the body. When there is no iron in the blood, the entire body would be deprived of oxygen.
Porotic hyperostosis is a condition whereby the bones in the skull or cranial vault becomes spongy and swells. The cause of the condition could be the hemolytic or megaloblastic anemia that occurs as a result of excessive production of hemoglobin.
WHAT TYPE OF MUTATION IS THIS?
Answer:
Missense mutation. This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene. Nonsense mutation. A nonsense mutation is also a change in one DNA base pair
Explanation:
In science fiction stories, plants that live on planets far from the sun are often described as having black foliage, while those that live on planets close to the sun are described as having shiny reflective foliage. If the plants on these planets do photosynthesis similar to terrestrial plants, discuss why these colors would be good adaptive features.
Answer:
See the answer below
Explanation:
The black foliage of the plants that live on planets far from the sun is an adaptive feature to maximize the heat from the sun for their metabolic activities. A certain level of temperature is usually required for optimal metabolic activities and the distance away from the sun means that heat could be a limiting factor. A black color, however, is able to absorb all the available heat in the surrounding. Hence, the black leaf color serves to maximize the heat from the sun for the benefits of the plant.
The shiny reflective foliage of the plants that live on the planets close to the sun can also be viewed as an adaptive feature to minimize the effects of the proximity of the sun. Too much sunlight will cause the tissues of the leaf to heat up beyond the optimal temperature requirement for metabolic activities. A shiny reflective color will reflect more of the rays of light from the sun than it absorbs. Thus, the foliage is prevented from overheating.
Meiosis results in?
Answer:
It results in the reduction of chromosomes by half and produces four gamete cells. And those four cells are the result and known as the daughter cells.
Explanation:
How many miles is the troposphere (in miles)?
5 miles
6 miles
7 miles
8 miles
Answer:
5 miles
Explanation:
Good day.
The drug Viagra promotes blood vessel dilation by prolonging signaling through nitric oxide (NO). How does Viagra boost NO?
a. It inhibits guanylyl cyclase in smooth muscle cells.
b. It prevents acetylcholine from binding to its receptors.
c. It stimulates guanylyl cyclase in smooth muscle cells.
d. It blocks the enzyme that degrades cyclic GMP.
e. It binds to acetylcholine receptors on endothelial cells.
Answer:
The correct answer is option d, that is, it prevents the enzyme, which degrades cyclic GMP.
Explanation:
Oral therapy for erectile dysfunction is Viagra, which is the citrate salt of sildenafil, it works by preventing a specific phosphodiesterase type 5 or PDE5, which is the inhibitor of cGMP. During sexual stimulation, nitrous oxide is released in the corpus cavernosum causing the erection of the penis in males. The nitrous oxide then stimulates the enzyme guanylate cyclase that further makes the concentration of cGMP to elevate, this generates smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum and permitting blood the inward flow of blood.
Viagra works by increasing the influence of nitric acid by preventing PDE5, which is accountable for the deprivation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum. At the time of sexual stimulation, the discharging of nitrous oxide takes place, the viagra inhibits PDE5 causing the levels of cGMP to elevate in the corpus cavernosum leading to smooth muscle relaxation and continuous flow of blood to the corpus cavernosum.
and inheritance.
An organism's DNA guides growth, reproduction,
a.
Development
b
Photosynthesis
C.
Homeostasis
d
Organ function
Answer:
A. Development
Explanation:
This would be correct
Why do the walls of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?
Answer: sorry I’m to lazy to type
:)))
How does this correlate to the severity of these diseases?
What event in 1927 was a main reason that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers implemented many projects in the following years to better protect people and property in the Mississippi delta?
A. an unforeseen dramatic increase in the number of migrating birds passing through Louisiana
B. a major that affected the entire lower Mississippi River valley
C. major hurricane that destroyed most of the buildings in New Orleans and the surrounding areas
D. major oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico areas
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Complete each statement with the correct term from the drop-down menu.
Explanation:
but where is statement to correct it ?
Answer:
1. Carbohydrate moves molecules
2. Lipids provide structure for plants
3. Carbohydrates determine what people look like
4. Cells are surrounded and protected by Carbohydrates
5. Proteins speeds up chemical reactions in the body
6. Hemoglobin is built by Nucleic Acids.
7. Human body is insulated by lipids
Explanation:
GORAN
NARGO MYSETS
OMSRANOG
LECL
SUSTIE
Unscramble these words