How do somatic mutations affect an individual's offspring ?
Somatic mutations have an effect on the individual who carries the mutation, however they cannot be transferred on to offspring.
A somatic mutation is any change at the cellular level in somatic tissues that occurs after fertilization. Somatic mutations do not affect the germline and therefore don't pass on to offspring. Somatic mutations are a normal consequence of aging and occur throughout the life cycle of an organism, either unexpectedly as a result of errors in DNA repair mechanisms or as a direct response to stress.
Environmental stressors and errors throughout cellular replication increase the likelihood of Somatic mutations occurring.
Radiation, exposure towards certain chemical compounds, and intracellular processes that generate free radicals are all stressors that can cause cellular damage and Somatic mutations.
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Microscopic, shrimplike animals that have a hard exoskeleton that can be either herbivorous, carnivorous, or parasitic are called:
Copepods are tiny, shrimp-like creatures with a hard exoskeleton that can be either herbivorous, carnivorous, or parasitic.
Copepods, sometimes known as "oar-feet," are a family of microscopic crustaceans that can be found in almost all freshwater and saltwater habitats. Several species have parasitic phases, while others are planktonic (live in sea waters) or benthic (live on the ocean floor). Some continental species may also live in limnoterrestrial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds, and puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses (phytotelmata) of plants like Many dwell in freshwater and marine caverns, sinkholes, and stream beds. Copepods are occasionally employed as indicators of biodiversity.
Copepods have a larval stage, just like other types of crustaceans. For copepods, the egg develops into a nauplius form that lacks a proper thorax or abdomen but has a head and a tail. The larva goes through multiple moults before developing into an adult after a few more moults.
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Which of the following is true about density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors?
answer choices
The larger a population, the bigger impact a density-dependent limiting factor will have.
Density-dependent factors include food, water, and space.
Density- independent factors include natural disasters (extreme weather), seasonal changes and pollution.
All of the above are true
The correct statements about density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors are
The larger the population, the bigger impact a density-dependent limiting factor will have.Density-dependent factors include food, water, and space.Density-independent factors include natural disasters (extreme weather), seasonal changes and pollution.Thus, the correct answer is D - All of the above are true.
Populаtion growth limiting fаctors аre divided into two cаtegories: density-dependent аnd density-independent.
Density-dependent limiting fаctors cаuse а populаtion's per cаpitа growth rаte to chаnge—typicаlly, to drop—with increаsing populаtion density. One exаmple is competition for limited food аmong members of а populаtion.Density-independent fаctors аffect per cаpitа growth rаte independent of populаtion density. Density-independent limiting fаctors include nаturаl disаsters, unusuаl weаther, seаsonаl cycles аnd humаn аctivities such аs cutting trees аnd obstructing rivers.For more information about density-independent limiting factors refer to the link:
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If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence?
Mice that are deficient in an enzyme required for long-term potentiation suffer consequences including being unable to navigate a maze.
The process of long-term potentiation , deals with continuous synaptic strength formation, results in a major increase in signal transmission between neurons. In terms of synaptic plasticity, it is an useful method. LTP recording is a well-known cellular model for the examination of memory. A mice will swimming around in a pool of murky water until it discovers a hidden platform to get out on. The mouse quickly gains the ability to locate the platform more quickly with practise.
Hence, long term potentiation comes with repeated practices.
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What is the conflict between Curley and Lennie?
The conflict between Curley and Lennie is one of power and dominance.
What is Dominance?
Dominance is the state of having superior authority or influence over others. It is a relationship between individuals, especially in social animals, in which one animal is dominant over the other. Dominance is established through aggression, body language and communication, and is maintained by a combination of reward and punishment.
Curley is the son of the boss and he wants to show everyone that he is in charge. He has a strong dislike of Lennie, who is an innocent and gentle giant, and so he is always trying to pick fights with him. Lennie is scared of Curley and so he tries to avoid him as much as possible.
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Organ or tissue affected in cardiomyopathy (Describe the pathology in detail)
Answer:
Read carefully below
Explanation:
Cardiomyopathy is a general term that refers to a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle. The heart muscle becomes damaged or weakened, leading to problems with the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. There are several different types of cardiomyopathy, including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy.
In dilated cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle becomes weakened and stretched, causing the heart chamber to enlarge. This can lead to a decrease in the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by thickening of the heart muscle, particularly in the left ventricle. This can lead to problems with blood flow through the heart and can cause the heart to work harder to pump blood.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy is characterized by stiffness of the heart muscle, which can lead to problems with the heart's ability to fill with blood.
Regardless of the type of cardiomyopathy, the underlying pathology is a problem with the heart muscle that leads to problems with the heart's ability to function effectively. This can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles, and it can also increase the risk of complications such as heart failure and arrhythmias. Treatment for cardiomyopathy may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery or other medical procedures.
In cardiomyopathy, the muscle of the heart becomes hard, and it makes it difficult to pump blood.
What is cardiomyopathy?An umbrella term for a variety of illnesses that damage the heart muscle is cardiomyopathy. The heart's ability to adequately pump blood is hampered when the heart muscle is weaker or injured. Cardiomyopathy can be classified as dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or restricted cardiomyopathy.
The heart muscle weakens and stretches in dilated cardiomyopathy, which causes the heart chamber to enlarge. The heart's capacity to properly pump blood may suffer as a result.
The left ventricle in particular experiences thickening of the heart muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Therefore, cardiomyopathy causes the heart's muscles to harden, which makes blood pumping challenges.
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Natural killer cells are able to detect unhealthy cells. This process is called _______ surveillance.
Immune surveillance, which also includes cancer immunoediting, refers to a host cells defense process wherein the immune system detects and gets rid of dangerous invaders.
By releasing stored and induced ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES, chemotactic proteins, and cytokines, cutaneous mast cells, LANGERHANS CELLS, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages offer an early warning system. Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) are big lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria as well as any transport tissues host cells that are infected with viruses or cancer. They are responsible for immune monitoring. T and B cells are the immune cells of the adaptive immune response, while NK cells are a part of the innate immune response since they do not require activation. antigen-presenting phagocytic cells are one kind.
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cells spend 90% of their time in this stage of the cell cycle. this is the reason you would see most cells in this stage if viewed under a microscope.
Answer: Interphase
Explanation:
During interphase, the cell undergoes normal growth processes while also preparing for cell division. It is the longest phase of the cell cycle, cell spends approximately 90% of its time in this phase.
What kind of relationship do Snowball and Napoleon have?
Snowball and Napoleon have a contentious type of relationship.
What is a contentious relationship?
A contentious relationship is a relationship characterized by frequent disagreement and conflict. It is a relationship in which the parties involved have different views, opinions, and beliefs, and are unable to reach a mutually satisfactory agreement.
Initially, they work together to establish Animal Farm and develop its rules, but soon begin to differ in opinions. Snowball is more focused on improving the farm and improving the lives of the animals, while Napoleon is more concerned with gaining power. Eventually, these differences lead to open conflict, which Napoleon wins by exiling Snowball from the farm.
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What are 3 ways that biology is important in your life?
The primary focus of biology research is life, first and foremost. Second, it offers a comprehensive, scientific explanation of how all living and nonliving organisms interact with one another. Thirdly, it reveals the diversity of life forms.
How does biology impact daily life?It offers knowledge about numerous life forms. Additionally, the study of the human body and surroundings, the ecology, and other topics related to life's sustainability are included in biology.
How can biology improve my life?In addition to highlighting the hazards of things like drugs, biology explores the wonders of life, such as childbirth. The human body, its activities, and ways to safeguard it are all covered in great detail in biology.
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How is Animal Farm an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the rise of communism in the Soviet Union?
The narrative or allegory of the Russian Revolution is included in Animal Farm. The Manor Farm serves as the backdrop for the animals' uprising against Farmer Jones, much to the Russian people's uprising against their monarch, Czar Nicholas II.
The reason Animal Farm is so well-known in the West is that it is a piercing critique of the Russian Revolution's rhetoric and history. Animal Farm allegorizes Joseph Stalin's ascent to power by retelling the history of the rise and growth of Soviet communism through a tale of animals. The tale depicts the abolition of the human oppressor.
Animal Farm is both an allegory for how people abuse and oppress one another and a more straightforward statement on how people treat animals.
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In what ways does sexual reproduction differs from asexual one state at least three reasons?
Sexual reproduction is the process of creating a new organism from the combination of genetic material from two parents. Asexual reproduction is the process of creating a new organism from a single parent which can be either an animal or a plant.
Although both processes are used to reproduce, there are some key differences between the two. One key difference between sexual and asexual reproduction is the way in which genetic diversity is created. Sexual reproduction involves the combination of two parent’s genetic material, which creates a new combination of genes, or alleles, in the offspring. Another difference between the two processes is the number of parents involved. Sexual reproduction requires two parents, while asexual reproduction requires only one parent. Finally, the amount of time required for each process is different. Sexual reproduction usually takes longer than asexual reproduction as it requires two parents.
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a process in which recipient cells acquire genes from free dna molecules in the surrounding medium is called group of answer choices
A process in which recipient cells acquire genes from free DNA molecules in the surrounding medium is called Transformation.
Change is the cycle by which beneficiary cells obtain qualities from free DNA atoms in the encompassing medium. Bacteria transfer genetic material in a variety of ways, with the bacteria either transferring the gene from the donor to the receiver via adjacent cells, a plasmid, or uptaking a gene from the surrounding cells.
Transformation is the process of removing a gene from its environment. The genetic material may adhere open in the media because the surrounding bacteria may die. The bacteria acquire this genetic material during transformation, resulting in gene transfer.
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(complete question)
a process in which recipient cells acquire genes from free dna molecules in the surrounding medium is called group of answer choices
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
transcribe the given dna sequences to mrna. a) dna: 5\'–cgcctag–3\'
The mRNA sequence would be 5'-GCGGAUC-3'
What do you mean by mRNA sequence?mRNAs have three parts: Nucleotides at the 5′ end provide binding sites for proteins that initiate polypeptide synthesis; nucleotides in the middle specify the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide.
Each group of three bases in mRNA constitutes a codon, and each codon specifies a particular amino acid (hence, it is a triplet code).
The mRNA sequence is thus used as a template to assemble—in order—the chain of amino acids that form a protein. The amino acids specified by each mRNA codon.
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Select all of the following that can result from nondisjunction of the X chromosome.
a. Polyploidy
b. an XYY male
c. an XXX female
d. Klinefelter syndrome
e. Turner syndrome
f. Down syndrome.
The correct option is (e) i.e. Turner syndrome can result from nondisjunction of the X chromosome.
Nondisjunction is the inability of sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes to correctly split during cell division (mitosis/meiosis). Nondisjunction can take one of three different forms: failing to separate a homologous pair of chromosomes during meiosis I; failing to separate sister chromatids during meiosis II; or failing to separate sister chromatids during mitosis. Daughter cells with aberrant chromosomal numbers occur from nondisjunction (aneuploidy). Before somatic cells divide by mitosis, the genetic material is replicated in the S phase. Each chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids that are joined at the centromere. Before the cell divides, sibling chromatids separate and move to opposing cell poles during the anaphase of mitosis. One daughter receives both sister chromatids of the impacted chromosome whereas the other receives none due to nondisjunction during mitosis. A chromatin bridge or an anaphase bridge is what this is. Since only daughter cells descended from the cell where the nondisjunction event has occurred will have an aberrant number of chromosomes, mitotic nondisjunction results in somatic mosaicism.
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What structure is unique to a virus?
The helical capsid structure is unique to a virus. A protein capsid coats each virus to shield its nucleic acid DNA from the hostile environment.
What makes viruses distinct?Being only alive and capable of reproducing inside the cells of other living creatures makes them special. Their host cell is the one in which they proliferate. A virus is composed of a genetic material core, either DNA or RNA, that is encased in a protein-based protective coating called a capsid.
A virus contains what structure?In addition to a protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid, all viruses also include nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA (but not both). A protein and lipid molecule envelope surrounds several viruses as well.
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The immune system can function through a generalized defense against pathogens called _____.
The immune system can function through a generalized defense against pathogens called Natural Immunity.
Natural immunity is the response that occurs in our bodies when we come into contact with a germ or a virus, and our bodies produce cells known as antibodies. These antibodies have the ability to "remember" a specific germ in order to detect its presence if it returns to the body.Natural immunity occurs when you are infected by a germ and your immune system responds by producing antibodies against it. You could become ill as a result of the infection. If you are exposed to that germ again, your body's defenses detect it and fight back with antibodies. This reduces your chances of becoming infected again.
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How do silent missense and nonsense mutations differ?
When a mutation occurs in a protein coding region it may have several effects. Nucleotide substitutions may lead to no change in the protein sequence (known as silent mutations), change the amino acid sequence (known as missense mutations), or create a stop codon (known as a nonsense mutation).
A silent mutation is unnoticeable, whereas a nonsense mutation will produce a protein which is much different than the original. This is because a nonsense mutation introduces a codon which is completely different than the one before, possibly stopping the protein synthesis short.
A change in a single amino acid that results from a point mutation in the DNA sequence. Nonsense codons (nonsense mutations): The conversion of a codon from one that encodes an amino acid to one that acts as a stop codon due to a point mutation in the DNA sequence.
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Collect information about the various methods of irrigation followed. Categorise them into conventional and modern methods. Which method you like the most and and why?
Irrigation methods vary; some are traditional, such as using wells or ponds, while others are modern, such as automated sprinklers, etc., that reduce the water loss during the irrigation process.
What is the role of irrigation in agriculture?Agriculture is important for the survival of the population, and there are different types of foods that are cultivated in different regions of the earth. To maintain the soil fertility, a proper irrigation system should be managed, and there are many modern systems, such as the automated sprinkler, that maintain both the water loss and the cultivation.
Hence, irrigation methods vary; some are traditional, such as using wells or ponds, while others are modern, such as automated sprinklers, etc., that reduce the water loss during the irrigation process.
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Functions of the photosystem II
Photosystem II provides the electrons necessary for the entire photosynthesis process by replacing lost electrons with electrons obtained from the splitting of water.
By oxidising water to produce hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen, the energetic electrons are swapped out for new ones. The photosystem II. Photosystem II provides the electrons necessary for the entire photosynthesis process by replacing lost electrons with electrons obtained from the splitting of water. The hydrogen ions (protons) produced when water is oxidised contribute to the formation of a proton gradient that ATP synthase uses to produce ATP.
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What characteristics make former legislators effective lobbyists?
Lobbyists are intimately familiar with the government process. They are frequently close to or friendly with other legislators.
Lobbying, persuasion, or interest representation in politics refers to the legal act of attempting to influence the actions, policies, or decisions of government officials, most commonly legislators or members of regulatory agencies.
Lobbyists are professional advocates who work on behalf of individuals and organizations to influence political decisions. This advocacy could result in the introduction of new legislation or the modification of existing laws and regulations.
Lobbying takes many forms depending on the issues for which organized interests work and who they try to influence. Berry (1977) classified lobbying into three types: direct lobbying, grassroots lobbying, and electoral lobbying.
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a thermos may be thought of as a glass bottle within another, which are joined (sealed) together at the top. the space between the bottles may be evacuated, and the surface of the inner bottle may be silvered (coated with reflective material).what heat transfer mechanisms, if any would be inhibited by (a) a silvered, evacuated thermos? (b) a clear thermos, not evacuated? (c) a clear, evacuated thermos? (d) a silvered thermos only?
b. No transfer,C. Mainly convection and small amount of convection,D. Silvering precent radiative hear transfer.
In a thermos, what form of transfer of thermal energy takes place?In a thermos flask, heat is transferred through conduction, convection, and radiation.And the minimal heat transfer in a thermos is caused by these three events.
Does a thermos represent conduction?We are aware of three ways in which heat can move from one location to another: conduction, convection, and radiation.Each of these processes cannot transfer heat through the thermos flask.The flask is composed of glass, which conducts heat poorly.Thus, heat does not transfer through conduction.
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why is cellular respiration necessary for living organisms? why is fermentation less effective than respiration? what is the purpose of glycolysis? how many atp molecules are produced in aerobic respiration? how many atp molecules are produced during fermentation and glycolysis?
Explanation:
>cellular respiration allows for organisms to break down molecules in order to release the energy stores in the bonds to generate atp which the cell can then use for it's normal processea
>fermentation produces relatively less energy than respiration because fermentation does not result in the complete oxidation of glucose.
>1 breaks down glucose
2 extract energy for cellular metabolism
3 to provide private for the trichloroacetic. acid(TCA) cycle
4 reduce the curtail by increasing the ratio of NADH
>38 atp molecules
>2 atp molecules
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a cell producing monoclonal antibodies a. is constructed using mouse t ,cells b.would be specific to multiple antigens c. is a combination of a cancerous b cell and normal antibody-producing b cell d. all the above
The correct answer is: (d) all the above. A cell producing monoclonal antibodies is a type of cell that is specifically designed to produce a single type of antibody.
These cells are typically constructed using the mouse or human B cells that have been genetically modified to produce a specific type of antibody. These cells are often used in research and medical settings to produce large quantities of a specific type of antibody for various purposes, such as identifying and purifying proteins or studying the immune response to specific antigens.
Monoclonal antibodies are specific to a single antigen, meaning that they are designed to recognize and bind to a specific protein or another molecule. This allows them to be used to specifically target and identify specific proteins or other molecules in a sample.
In some cases, monoclonal antibodies are produced using a combination of a cancerous B cell and a normal antibody-producing B cell. This is done by fusing the two cells together, which results in a cell that has the ability to produce large quantities of a specific type of antibody.
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Between the two divisions of meiosis there is
A) a full cell cycle B) a pairing of homologues C) replication of some parts of the chromosomes D) no S phase E) random combination among chromatids
There is no S phase between the two divisions of meiosis.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
What is meiosis?The nucleаr division thаt forms hаploid cells, which is cаlled meiosis, is relаted to mitosis. To аchieve the reduction in chromosome number, meiosis consists of one round of chromosome duplicаtion аnd two rounds of nucleаr division. Becаuse the events thаt occur during eаch of the division stаges аre аnаlogous to the events of mitosis, the sаme stаge nаmes аre аssigned.
However, becаuse there аre two rounds of division, the stаges аre designаted with а “I” or “II.” Thus, meiosis I is the first round of meiotic division аnd consists of prophаse I, prometаphаse I, аnd so on. Meiosis I reduces the number of chromosome sets from two to one. The genetic informаtion is аlso mixed during this division to creаte unique recombinаnt chromosomes. Meiosis II, in which the second round of meiotic division tаkes plаce in а wаy thаt is similаr to mitosis, includes prophаse II, prometаphаse II, аnd so on.
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Label the gametes in the picture below:
Haploid sperm
Haploid egg
Diploid zygote
Labeling the gametes in the picture are shown below:
What are gametes?A gamete is an animal or plant reproductive cell. Animals' male and female gametes are referred to as sperm and ova, respectively. Each ova and sperm cell has one copy of each chromosome, making them haploid cells. A sperm and an ovum combine during fertilisation to create a fresh diploid creature.
Gametes in humans are haploid cells with 23 chromosomes, each of which is one of a chromosomal pair seen in diplod cells. The haploid number, commonly known as n, is used to indicate the number of chromosomes in a single pair.
Haploid sperm and Haploid egg are gametic cells.Diploid zygote are Somatic cells.To know more about gametes refer to:
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Draw a diagram of the nitrogen cycle with labels describing the metabolic processes. Give examples of bacteria that carry out each of these metablic processes.
Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere.
Nitrogen cycle involves 2 main processes Nitrogen fixation and Nitrification:
1.Nitrogen fixation-
Nitrogen fixation is the process of converting the atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into biological state nitrogen. It is the first process of making nitrogen available for plants. It is defined as an anaerobic (without oxygen) process that catalyzes the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3).
An example of a nitrogen fixer is the Rhizobium bacteria in the roots of legumes (soybeans, peas or clovers).
2. Nitrification-
Nitrification is the process where the ammonium ions (NH4) are converted into nitrides, first into nitrites (NO2–) then into nitrate (NO3–). Still, this process is done by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The first step is the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, done by microbes termed as ammonia-oxidizers.
The participating bacteria here are termed as nitrogen-oxidizing bacteria and they include nitrococcus, nitrobacters, and nitrosomonas.
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Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?
a. glycolysis, NADH, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP, oxygen
b. citric acid cycle, FADH2, electron transport chain, ATP
c. electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, ATP, oxygen
d. pyruvate, citric acid cycle, ATP, NADH, oxygen
e. citric acid cycle, NADH, electron transport chain, oxygen
The majority of electrons in an active mitochondrion travel through which pathway: citric acid cycle, Nadph, aerobic respiration, and oxygen.
Unattached or attached to an atom, an electron is a negatively charged elementary particle (not bound). One of the three main types of atoms inside an atom, along with protons and neutrons, is indeed an electron that is linked to the atom. An atom's nucleus is made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. The exterior of the nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons in orbit. It can be challenging for scientists to monitor them since they rotate so quickly. They are the littlest particles in a particle and can fit 1 million of them into a central particle. People are drawn to the protons' positive charge.
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What has no endoplasmic reticulum?
Endoplasmic reticulum is absent in mature RBCs. The endoplasmic reticulum is not found in red blood cells, or spermatozoa.
In adult RBCs, the endoplasmic reticulum is missing. The outer nuclear membrane and the ER's walls are one and the same. Spermatogenesis and red blood cells do not contain the endoplasmic reticulum. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), an organelle with a continuous membrane found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and necessary for protein synthesis, is a network of linked flattened sacs. Both plant and animal cells contain both rough and smooth ER. Mammalian mature red blood cells circulate in the body for roughly 100–120 days before being eliminated by the spleen. At erythropoiesis phase three, it starts to lose mitochondria. The absence of the endosome promotes RBC formation by increasing the surface-to-volume ratio.
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Is a basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life?
Cell is a basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life. Whether it is a complex organism like humans, animals or plants or simple organisms like bacteria, they are all made of cells. Therefore, the cell is the basic level of organization of the organism.
The smallest and most important unit of life is the cell. The cell was discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. The cell is described as the most important structural and functional unit in all living things, including bacteria, plants, animals, and humans.
Unicellular organisms are able to live independently and carry out important life functions. Independent life cannot be guaranteed if the cell structure is incomplete.
As a result, the cell is the basic structure and functional unit of all living things. Cells are the most important components of the human body.
For example - red blood cells carry oxygen to the body, and white blood cells are part of the immune system.
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